Iodine

Name Reactions

Recent Literature

A new, green, mild and inexpensive system, I₂-KI-K₂CO₃-H₂O, selectively oxidized alcohols to aldehydes and ketones under anaerobic condition in water at 90 °C with excellent yields.
P. Gogoi, D. Konwar, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2005, 3, 3473-3475.

Iodine was compared to other positive halogens as terminal oxidant in chemoselective oxidations of alcohols using catalytic TEMPO and was shown to be superior in cases of electron-rich and heteroaromatic benzylic alcohols.
R. A. Miller, R. S. Hoerrner, Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 285-287.

A simple, efficient, and high-yield procedure for the oxidative conversion of alcohols to various types of esters and ketones was successfully carried out with molecular iodine as the oxidant and potassium carbonate.
N. Mori, H. Togo, Tetrahedron, 2005, 61, 5915-5925.

N. Mori, H. Togo, Tetrahedron, 2005, 61, 5915-5925.

The use of aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent and molecular iodine as catalyst enables a mild and efficient methodology for the ipso-hydroxylation of arylboronic acids to phenols. The reactions were performed at room temperature in short reaction time under metal-, ligand- and base-free conditions.
A. Gogoi, U. Bora, Synlett, 2012, 1079-1081.

An iodine-NH₃ • H₂O system enables a direct transformation of aryl, heteroaryl, vinyl, or ethynyl methyl ketones or carbinols to the corresponding primary amides in good yields in aqueous media. A tandem Lieben-Haller-Bauer reaction mechanism is proposed.
L. Cao, J. Ding, M. Gao, Z. Wang, J. Li, A. Wu, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 3810-3813.

A catalytic oxidative cleavage of 1,3-diketones enables the synthesis of the corresponding carboxylic acids by aerobic photooxidation with iodine under irradiation with a high-pressure mercury lamp.
N. Tada, M. Shomura, L. Cui, T. Nobuta, T. Miura, A. Itho, Synlett, 2011, 2896-2900.

A zinc carbenoid-mediated chain extension of β-dicarbonyl compounds provides access to α,β-unsaturated-γ-keto esters and amides with complete E selectivity via an intermediate zinc enolate, which is treated sequentially with iodine and DBU.
M. D. Ronsheim, C. K Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 4535-4538.

1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and methyl ketones or terminal aryl alkenes as simple and readily available starting materials can be efficiently converted to unsymmetrical 1,4-enediones under mild reaction conditions using a focusing domino strategy. The reaction allows an operationally simple, straightforward synthesis of various unsymmetrical 1,4-enediones.
M. Gao, Y. Yang, Y.-D. Wu, C. Deng, L.-P. Cao, X.-G. Meng, A.-X. Wu, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 1856-1859.

A direct conversion of various benzylic alkyl halides and primary alkyl halides into corresponding nitriles was efficiently and simply carried out in aqueous ammonia in the presence of molecular iodine as oxidant.
S. Iida, H. Togo, Synlett, 2008, 1639-1642.

S. Iida, H. Togo, Synlett, 2008, 1639-1642.

Various electron-rich aromatics could be smoothly converted into the corresponding aromatic nitriles in good yields by treatment with POCl₃ and DMF, followed by molecular iodine in aqueous ammonia. The present reaction is a novel metal-free one-pot method for the preparation of aromatic nitriles from electron-rich aromatics.
S. Ushijima, H. Togo, Synlett, 2010, 1067-1070.

A combination of o-iodoxybenzoic acid and iodine mediates a direct synthesis of β-keto sulfones from alkenes and arenesulfinates in good yields in a one-pot reaction.
N. Samakkanad, P. Katrun, T. Techajaroonjit, S. Hlekhlai, M. Pohmakotr, V. Reutrakul, T. Jaipetch, D. Soorukram, C. Kuhakarn, Synthesis, 2012, 1693-1699.

2-Imidazolines were easily prepared in good yields from the reaction of aldehydes and ethylenediamine with iodine in the presence of potassium carbonate. The 2-imidazolines were smoothly oxidized to the corresponding imidazoles in good yields using (diacetoxyiodo)benzene at room temperature.
M. Ishihara, H. Togo, Synlett, 2006, 227-230.

A series of primary alcohols and aldehydes were treated with iodine in ammonia water under microwave irradiation to give the intermediate nitriles, which without isolation underwent [2 + 3] cycloadditions with dicyandiamide and sodium azide to afford the corresponding triazines and tetrazoles in high yields.
J.-J. Shie, J.-M. Fang, J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 3141-3144.

J.-J. Shie, J.-M. Fang, J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 3141-3144.

A highly efficient copper-catalyzed tandem oxidative cyclization gives polysubstituted oxazoles from readily available starting materials under mild conditions. This is an attractive alternative method for the synthesis of oxazole derivatives.
C. Wang, J. Zhang, S. Wang, J. Fan, Z. Wang, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 2338-2341.

A novel metal-free iodine-mediated intramolecular oxidative cyclization protocol allows the preparation of various 2-substituted benzothiazoles.
D.-Y. Zhao, X.-K. Guo, J.-H. Li, R.-Y. Zang, Synthesis, 2012, 927-933.

Iodine-mediated intramolecular cyclization of enamines leads to a various 3H-indole derivatives bearing multifunctional groups in good to high yields under transition metal-free reaction conditions.
Z. He, H. Li, Z. Li, J. Org. Chem., 2010, 75, 4296-4299.

Iodine efficiently catalyzes the three-component coupling of aromatic aldehydes, enolizable ketones or keto esters, and acetonitrile in the presence of acetyl chloride at room temperature to afford β-acetamido ketones in good yields.
B. Das, K. Ravinder Reddy, R. Ramu, P. Thirupathi, B. Ravikanth, Synlett, 2006, 1756-1758.

A hydroiodation of alkynes using an iodine/hydrophosphine binary system takes place regioselectively to provide the corresponding Markovnikov-type adducts in good yield. This hydroiodation offers mild conditions, convenient operation, and tolerates various functional groups.
S.-i. Kawaguchi, A. Ogawa, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 1893-1895.

The reduction of IBX to IBA in the presence of molecular iodine in DMSO generates hypoiodous acid (IOH), which reacts with various olefins as well as α,β-unsaturated ketones leading to their respective iodohydrins with anti stereochemistry. The same redox chemistry in acetonitrile containing TFA produces iodonium ions for facile iodination of aromatic compounds.
J. N. Moorthy, K. Senapati, S. Kumar, J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 6287-6290.

An efficient and mild thiophenol-promoted ring-opening of aziridines or epoxides with iodine afforded β-iodo amines or β-iodo alcohols in very good yields.
J. Wu, X. Sun, W. Sun, S. Ye, Synlett, 2006, 2489-2491.

Under neutral reaction conditions, aromatic ketones were transformed into the corresponding α-iodo ketones in high yields by the combination of copper(II) oxide and iodine. Copper(II) oxide acts as catalyst to convert iodine into the reactive iodonium ion and as a base to neutralize hydrogen iodide, and reoxidizes iodide into molecular iodine.
G. Yin, M. Gao, N. She, S. Hu, A. Wu, Y. Pan, Synthesis, 2007, 3113-3116.

Selective introduction of an iodine atom at the α-carbonyl position in various aryl alkyl ketones was effectively achieved by reaction of target molecules with elemental iodine in the presence of N-F reagents such as F-TEDA-BF₄ (Selectfluor) as iodination mediators and methanol as the solvent.
M. Jereb, S. Stavber, M. Zupan, Synthesis, 2003, 853-858.

Sm(OTf)₃ is an effective catalysts for a versatile and efficient halogen-promoted highly regio- and stereoselective Friedel-Crafts (F-C) alkylation of electron-rich arenes with alkenes and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of NBS or I₂ as halogen sources.
S. Haira, B. Maji, S. Bar, Org. Lett., 2007, 9, 2783-2786.