Synthesis of sulfoxides

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A metal-free quinoid catalyst, namely 1-hexylKuQuinone (KuQ), promotes a chemoselective, light-induced thioether to sulfoxide oxidation in HFIP, using O₂ as the oxidant, at room temperature. Remarkably, the system can be recharged and recycled without loss of activity and selectivity.
M. Forchetta, F. Sabuzi, L. Stella, V. Conte, P. Galloni, J. Org. Chem., 2022, 87, 14016-14025.

1,3,5-Triazo-2,4,6-triphosphorine-2,2,4,4,6,6-tetrachloride (TAPC) is an efficient promoter for the oxidation of sulfides and deoxygenation of sulfoxides. Excellent yields, short reaction time, easy and quick isolation of the products, solvent-free process, and excellent chemoselectivity are the main advantages of this procedure.
K. Bahrami, M. M. Khodaei, M. S. Arabi, J. Org. Chem., 2010, 75, 6208-6213.

Ready accessible and inexpensive gem-dihydroperoxides mediate a facile and efficient oxidation of sulfides (dialkyl, phenylalkyl, benzylalkyl) to sulfoxides in very good yields under mild conditions without using any catalysts.
S. A. Grabovskii, N. M. Andrijashina, A. N. Lobov, A. V. Antipin, R. L. Safiullin, Synlett, 2023, 34, 1247-1252.

Oxidation of sulfides with 30% hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by tantalum carbide provides the corresponding sulfoxides in high yields, whereas niobium carbide as catalyst efficiently affords the corresponding sulfones. Both catalysts can easily be recovered and reused without losing their activity.
M. Kirihara, A. Itou, T. Noguchi, J. Yamamoto, Synlett, 2010, 1557-1561.

A versatile procedure oxidizes sulfanes to sulfoxides without any overoxidation to sulfones using a combination of hydrogen peroxide and triflic acid. This method tolerates oxidatively sensitive functional groups.
M. M. Khodaei, K. Bahrami, A. Karimi, Synthesis, 2008, 1682-1684.

The arylthiolated Au₂₅(F-Ph)₁₈^- nanocluster is synthesized and characterized. Ligands avoid distortion of the geometric structure, limit the Jahn-Teller effect, and protect the nanocluster from oxidization. The low energy gap (HOMO-LUMO) of the synthetic clusters enables photocatalytic oxidative functionalization reactions mediated by near-infrared light (850 nm).
S. Wang, L. Tang, B. Cai, Z. Yin, Y. Li, L. Xiong, X. Kang, J. Xuan, Y. Pei, M. Zhu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144, 3787-3792.

A catalyst-free oxidation of sulfides with sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate crystals in an aqueous acetonitrile solution selectively produces the corresponding sulfoxides in high yields in an environmentally benign fashion.
T. Okada, H. Matsumuro, S. Kitagawa, T. Iwai, K. Yamazaki, Y. Kinoshita, Y. Kimura, M. Kirihara, Synlett, 2015, 26, 2547-2552.

An excellent method for the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with periodic acid (H₅IO₆) catalyzed by FeCl₃ in MeCN has been devised. The reported procedure is fast, simple and the yields are excellent in most cases with reaction time of less than 2 minutes.
S. S. Kim, K. Nehru, S. S. Kim, D. W. Kim, H. C. Jung, Synthesis, 2002, 2484-2486.

The use of urea-hydrogen peroxide as terminal oxidant in the presence of diphenyl diselenide as catalyst enables a highly selective catalytic oxidation of sulfides into the corresponding sulfoxides.
P. C. B. Page, B. R. Buckley, C. Elliott, Y. Chan, N. Dreyfus, F. Marken, Synlett, 2016, 27, 80-82.

The dirhodium(II) carboxylate complex Rh₂(esp)₂ catalyzes the sulfoxidation of organic sulfides in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. As the rhodium catalyst is able to precipitate as a Rh₂(esp)₂-sulfoxide complex following the reaction, its separation and reuse is very convenient without considerable loss of activity.
L. Zhao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Org. Chem., 2016, 81, 129-134.

Selectfluor mediates practical and efficient oxidations of sulfides and thiols to provide sulfoxides, sulfones, and thiosulfonates, respectively, at ambient temperature. All these organosulfur compounds can be prepared with nearly quantitative yields by applying eco-friendly H₂O as O-source. The formation of sulfoxides and thiosulfonates takes only a few minutes.
X. Guo, X. Sun, M. Jiang, Y. Zhao, Synthesis, 2022, 54, 1996-2004.

A mild, efficient and environmentally friendly oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with a recyclable ion-supported hypervalent iodine reagent tolerates hydroxyl, nitrile, methoxy, carbon-carbon double bonds, and ester functionalities. Aliphatic and aromatic sulfides are selectively oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides at room temperature in excellent yields without over-oxidation.
W. Qian, L. Pei, Synlett, 2006, 709-712.

Sc(OTf)₃ is an efficient catalyst for the hydrogen peroxide mediated monooxidation of alkyl-aryl sulfides and methyl cysteine containing peptides. The method is high yielding, compatible with many widely used protecting groups, suitable for solid-phase applications and proceeds with minimum over-oxidation.
M. Matteucci, G. Bhalay, M. Bradley, Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 235-237.

An air and moisture tolerant complex of Ti(IV) with a C₃-symmetric triphenolate amine ligand efficiently catalyzes sulfoxidation reactions at room temperature without previous activation using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant.
M. Mba, L. J. Prins, G. Licini, Org. Lett., 2007, 9, 21-24.

A porphyrin-inspired manganese-catalyzed asymmetric sulfoxidation method enables a rapide oxidation of a broad range of sulfides in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
W. Dai, J. Li, B. Chen, G. Li, Y. Lv, L. Wang, S. Gao, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 5658-5661.

Confined chiral Brønsted acids catalyze asymmetric oxidations of a broad range of sulfides to sulfoxides with hydrogen peroxide. The wide generality and high enantioselectivity of the developed method is comparable even to the best metal-based systems.
S. Liao, I. Čorić, Q. Wang, B. List, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 10765-10768.

The combination of very high ee values with high yield, the consequence of an efficient initial asymmetric oxidation followed by an efficient kinetic resolution, makes the reported system very practical for the asymmetric oxidation of simple akyl aryl sulfides.
C. Drago, L. Caggiano, R. F. W. Jackson, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 7221-7223.

A chiral Fe(salan) complex serves as an efficient catalyst for asymmetric oxidation of sulfides using hydrogen peroxide in water without surfactant. Not only alkyl aryl sulfides but also various methyl alkyl sulfides were oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides with high enantioselectivities.
H. Egami, T. Katsuki, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 8940-8941.

The asymmetric oxidation of sulfides to chiral sulfoxides with hydrogen peroxide in good yield and high enantioselectivity has been catalyzed very effectively by a chiral vanadium-salan complex. The efficient kinetic resolution of racemic sulfoxides catalyzed by the vanadium-salan system is also described.
J. Sun, C. Zhu, Z. Dai, M. Xang, Y. Pan, H. Hu, J. Org. Chem., 2004, 69, 8500-8503.

Various aromatic and aliphatic sulfides are selectively oxidized to sulfoxides and sulfones in good to excellent yields using 30% H₂O₂ in the presence of a recyclable silica-based tungstate interphase catalyst at room temperature.
B. Karimi, M. Ghoreishi-Nezhad, J. H. Clark, Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 625-628.

Oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides with a catalytic amount of ceric ammonium nitrate reagent supported on silica gel has been achieved using stoichiometric sodium bromate as the primary oxidant. The heterogeneous CAN/NaBrO₃ reagent enables the use of an organic solvent and simplifies the reaction work-up and product isolation.
M. H. Ali, D. Kriedelbaugh, T. Wencewicz, Synthesis, 2007, 3507-3511.

5-Ethyl-3-methyl-2′,4′:3′,5′-di-O-methylenedioxy-riboflavinium perchlorate, which is readily derived from commercially available vitamin B₂, exhibits high catalytic activity for the oxidation of organic sulfides under an oxygen atmosphere with the assistance of hydrazine hydrate as a reductant. This is an inexpensive, convenient, and environmentally benign method for the selective oxidative transformation of sulfides into sulfoxides.
Y. Imada, I. Tonomura, N. Komiya, T. Naota, Synlett, 2013, 24, 1679-1682.

Oxidations of organic substrates such as sulfides, secondary amines, N-hydroxylamines, and tertiary amines with molecular oxygen in the presence of 5-ethyl-3-methyllumiflavinium perchlorate catalyst and hydrazine monohydrate in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol occur highly efficiently to give the corresponding oxidized compounds in excellent yields.
Y. Imada, H. Iida, S. Ono, S.-I. Murahashi, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 2868-2869.

Urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct (UHP) is stable, inexpensive and an easily handled reagent. UHP is used in an efficient solid state oxidation of different organic molecules: hydroxylated aldehydes and ketones (to hydroxylated phenols), sulfides (to sulfoxides and sulfones), nitriles (to amides) and nitrogen heterocycles (to N-oxides).
R. S. Varma, K. P. Naicker, Org. Lett., 1999, 1, 189-191.

LiNbMoO₆ catalyzes a chemoselective sulfur oxidation of allylic sulfides containing double bonds of high electron density without any epoxidation. Selective oxidation to either the corresponding sulfoxides or the sulfones was realized by controlling the stoichiometry of the quantitative oxidant, H₂O₂. Various functional groups including hydroxy, formyl, and ethers of THP or TBDMS are tolerated.
S. Choi, J.-D. Yang, M. Ji, H. Choi, M. Kee, K.-H. Whn, S.-H. Byeon, W. Baik, S. Koo, J. Org. Chem., 2001, 66, 8154-8159.

An oxidative variant of the thiol-ene reaction enables the direct addition of thiols to olefins to form sulfoxides in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant and methanesulfonic acid as catalyst. The latter is believed to catalyze the oxidation of the intermediate sulfide to the sulfoxide. Styrenes, acrylic acid derivatives, alkynes, and thiophenols gave the highest yields, while aliphatic olefins and thiols were less effective.
H.-L. Yue, M. Klussmann, Synlett, 2016, 27, 2505-2509.

An oxidative dehydrogenative coupling of thiols with alkanes provides an efficient access to sulfoxides via direct C(sp³)-H bond functionalization. The present reaction features the use of readily available reagents and high step- and atom-efficiency, thus A possible mechanism is proposed.
Y.-J. Hou, Y. Li, Z.-W. Zhao, T.-G. Fan, B.-X. Sun, X.-N. Wang, Y.-M. Li, Org. Lett., 2023, 25, 517-521.

Enantioselective Sulfoxidation