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Synthesis of lactols and related compounds

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Protecting Groups


Tetrahydropyranyl Ethers


Recent Literature


A mild, gold- and brønstedt acid-catalyzed tandem cycloisomerization-hydroalkoxylation of various homopropargylic alcohols in the presence of an alcohol provides an efficient route to tetrahydrofuranyl ethers.
V. Belting, N. Krause, Org. Lett., 2006, 8, 4489-4492.


The reaction of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates with THP-protected (Z)-2-butene-1,4-diol in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 in MeOH at 35˚C gives 4-aryl-2-methoxytetrahydrofurans in good yields. The reaction tolerates various functional groups including ester, keto, cyano, nitro, chloro, and bromo functionalities as well as ortho substituents. Oxidation with MCPBA gives γ-aryl-β-butyrolactone derivatives.
S. Cacchi, G. Fabrizi, A. Goggiamani, A. Sferrazza, Synlett, 2009, 973-977.


C(sp3)-H dehydrogenative cross-couplings of ethers, tetrahydrothiophenes, and pyrrolidines with alcohols were achieved under visible light irradiation by using iodobenzene and an in situ-formed gold complex. This method offers broad functional group compatibility and was successfully applied in late-stage modifications of bioactive molecules.
X. Si, L. Zhang, Z. Wu, M. Rudolph, A. M. Asiri, A. S. K. Hashmi, Org. Lett., 2020, 22, 5844-5849.


An iron-catalyzed α-C(sp3)-H activation of cyclic and acyclic ethers provides an efficient and green method for the synthesis of mixed acetals in very good yields. The robustness of this protocol is demonstrated by the late-stage oxidation of a structurally complex natural product.
W. Han, L. Cheng, H. Zhao, Synlett, 2020, 31, 1400-1403.


A perfluorophenyl substituted 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) is an effective photoacid catalyst for promoting the acetalization of enol ethers with alcohols under irradiation with visible light. The reactions proceed efficiently with a wide range of substrates under mild and near neutral conditions.
H. Liu, Y. Chen, D. An, X. Zhang, S. Liao, Synlett, 2022, 33, 800-804.


Lipase B from Candida antarctica catalyzes the oxidative ring expansion of furfuryl alcohols in the presence of aqueous hydrogen peroxide to yield functionalized pyranones under mild conditions. The corresponding piperidinone derivatives can be obtained by a similar enzymatic rearrangement of N-protected furfurylamines.
F. Blume, P. Sprengart, J. Deska, Synlett, 2018, 29, 1293-1296.


The use of CuCl and NaBH4 enables an efficient, one-pot method for the highly chemoselective synthesis of δ-lactols from α,β-unsaturated δ-lactones in methanol.
Y. Matsumoto, M. Yonaga, Synlett, 2014, 25, 1764-1768.


Copper catalyzes a mild acetalization of boronic esters in the presence of a variety of functional groups. This Chan-Lam coupling method enables an orthogonal acetalization of substrates with reactive, acid-sensitive functional groups.
E. M. Miller, M. A. Walczak, J. Org. Chem., 2020, 85, 8230-8239.


Hg(II) salts are highly efficient catalysts for a versatile construction of spiroketals in an instant reaction in high yields at ambient temperature from alkyne diols or THP-semiprotected alkyne diols in aqueous conditions. Monounsaturated spiroketals and furans were accessed with equal ease when propargylic triols (or propargylic diols) were subjected to similar conditions.
K. Ravindar, M. S. Reddy, P. Deslongchamps, Org. Lett., 2011, 13, 3178-3181.


K. Ravindar, M. S. Reddy, P. Deslongchamps, Org. Lett., 2011, 13, 3178-3181.


An intramolecular hydro-O-alkylation of aldehydes leads to spiroketals, bicyclic ketals, and aminals. Tertiary and sterically hindered secondary sp3 C-H bonds are transformed into C-O bonds under the action of a catalytic amount of a variety of Lewis acids. The mechanism probably involves a tandem hydride transfer/cyclization sequence.
S. J. Pastine, D. Sames, Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 5429-5431.


A cyclization of monopropargylic triols to form olefin-containing spiroketals is rapid and high yielding in the presence of 2 mol % of a catalyst generated in situ from Au[P(t-Bu)2(o-biphenyl)]Cl and AgOTf. Various substituted triols lead to substituted 5- and 6-membered ring spiroketals.
A. Aponick, C.-Y. Li, J. A. Palmes, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 121-124.