Categories: Synthesis of N-Heterocycles >

Synthesis of pyridines and related compounds

Name Reactions

Hantzsch Dihydropyridine (Pyridine) Synthesis

Recent Literature

Addition of Grignard reagents to pyridine N-oxides in THF at room temperature and subsequent treatment with acetic anhydride at 120°C afforded 2-substituted pyridines in good yields. By exchanging acetic anhydride for DMF in the second step, 2-substituted pyridine N-oxides were obtained, enabling the synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted pyridines.
H. Andersson, F. Almqvist, R. Olsson, Org. Lett., 2007, 9, 1335-1337.

Suzuki reactions of electron-deficient 2-heterocyclic boronates generally give low conversions and remain challenging. A successful copper(I) facilitated Suzuki coupling of 2-heterocyclic boronates is broad in scope and affords greatly enhanced yields of these notoriously difficult couplings. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations suggest a possible role of copper in the catalytic cycle.
J. Z. Deng, D. V. Paone, A. T. Ginnetti, H. Kurihara, S. D. Dreher, S. A. Weissman, S. R. Stauffer, C. S. Burgey, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 345-347.

Heteroaromatic tosylates and phosphates are suitable electrophiles in iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with alkyl Grignard reagents. These reactions are performed at low temperature allowing good functional group tolerance with full conversion within minutes.
T. M. Gøgsig, A. T. Lindhardt, T. Skrydstrup, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 4886-4888.

The use of Pd₂(dba)₃ and X-Phos as a ligand enables a mild Negishi cross-coupling of 2-heterocyclic organozinc reagents and aryl chlorides providing 2-aryl-substituted pyridines and thiophenes in high yields. An efficient method to generate the organozinc reagents at room temperature is also demonstrated.
M. R. Luzung, J. S. Patel, J. Yin, J. Org. Chem., 2010, 75, 8330-8332.

The olefin cross-metathesis reaction provides a rapid and efficient method for the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated 1,5-dicarbonyl derivatives which then serve as effective precursors to pyridines with a wide range of substitution patterns. High levels of regiocontrol, short reaction sequences, and facile substituent variation are all notable aspects of this methodology.
T. J. Donohoe, J. A. Basutto, J. F. Bower, A. Rathi, Org. Lett., 2011, 13, 1036-1039.

Ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM)/elimination and RCM/oxidation/deprotection of nitrogen-containing dienes are the key processes of new synthetic routes to substituted 3-hydroxypyridines. An application of RCM/oxidation/deprotection allows the synthesis of 3-aminopyridine derivatives.
K. Yoshida, F. Kawagoe, K. Hayashi, S. Horiuchi, T. Imamoto, A. Yanagisawa, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 515-518.

A simple and highly efficient protodecarboxylation of various heteroaromatic carboxylic acids is catalyzed by Ag₂CO₃ and AcOH in DMSO. This methodology enables also a selective monoprotodecarboxylation of several aromatic dicarboxylic acids.
P. Lu, C. Sanchez, J. Cornella, I. Larrosa, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 5710-5713.

Reactions of vinyl azides with monocyclic cyclopropanols provided pyridines in the presence of Mn(acac)₃, whereas those with bicyclic cyclopropanols led to the formation of 2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-en-1-ol derivatives using a catalytic amount of Mn(acac)₃.
Y.-F. Wang, S. Chiba, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 12570-12572.

A one-pot synthesis of substituted pyridines via a domino cyclization-oxidative aromatization approach is based on the use of a new bifunctional noble metal-solid acid catalyst, Pd/C/K-10 montmorillonite and microwave irradiation. The cyclization readily takes place on the strong solid acid while palladium dehydrogenates the dihydropyridine intermediate.
O. De Paolis, J. Baffoe, S. M. Landge, B. Török, Synthesis, 2008, 3423-3428.

A simple, modular method to prepare highly substituted pyridines in good isolated yields employs a cascade reaction comprising a novel Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkenylboronic acids with α,β-unsaturated ketoxime O-pentafluorobenzoates, electrocyclization of the resulting 3-azatriene, and air oxidation.
S. Liu, L. S. Liebeskind, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 6918-6919.

A single-step conversion of various N-vinyl and N-aryl amides to the corresponding pyridine and quinoline derivatives involves amide activation with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of 2-chloropyridine followed by π-nucleophile addition to the activated intermediate and annulation. Compatibility of this chemistry with various functional groups is noteworthy.
M. Movassaghi, M. D. Hill, O. K. Ahmad, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 10096-10097.

A range of highly functionalised pyridines is prepared from enamino and alkynones in a single synthetic step by the use of acetic acid or amberlyst 15 ion exchange resin at 50°C.
M. C. Bagley, J. W. Dale, J. Bower, Synlett, 2001, 1149-1151.

N-Propargylic β-enaminones are common intermediates for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrroles and pyridines. In the presence of Cs₂CO₃ N-propargylic β-enaminones are cyclized to pyrroles in good to high yields, whereas CuBr leads to pyridines.
S. Cacchi, G. Fabrizi, E. Filisti, Org. Lett., 2008, 10, 2629-2632.

Polysubstituted pyridines are prepared in good yield and with total regiocontrol by the one-pot reaction of an alkynone, 1,3-dicarbonyl compound and ammonium acetate in alcoholic solvents. This new three-component heteroannulation reaction proceeds under mild conditions in the absence of an additional acid catalyst.
X. Xiong, M. C. Bagley, K. Chapaneri, Tetrahedron Lett., 2004, 45, 6121-6124.

Tri- or tetrasubstituted pyridines are prepared by microwave irradiation of ethyl β-aminocrotonate and various alkynones in a single synthetic step and with total control of regiochemistry. This new one-pot Bohlmann-Rahtz procedure conducted at 170°C gives superior yields to similar experiments conducted using conductive-heating techniques in a sealed tube.
M. C. Bagley, R. Lunn, X. Xiong, Tetrahedron Lett., 2002, 43, 8331-8334.

The direct conversion of amides, including sensitive N-vinyl amides, to the corresponding trimethylsilyl alkynyl imines followed by a ruthenium-catalyzed protodesilylation and cycloisomerization gives various substituted pyridines and quinolines.
M. Movassaghi, M. D. Hill, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 4592-4593.

A rhodium-catalyzed chelation-assisted C-H activation of α,β-unsaturated ketoximes and the reaction with alkynes affords highly substituted pyridine derivatives.
K. Parthasararathy, M. Jeganmohan, C.-H. Cheng, Org. Lett., 2008, 10, 325-328.

A convenient one-pot C-H alkenylation/electrocyclization/aromatization sequence allows the synthesis of highly substituted pyridine derivatives from alkynes and α,β-unsaturated N-benzyl aldimines and ketimines. The reaction proceeds through dihydropyridine intermediates.
D. A. Colby, R. G. Berman, J. A. Ellman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 3645-3651.

A concise one-pot synthesis of highly functionalized pyridines involves a formal insertion of rhodium vinylcarbenoids derived from diazo compounds across the N-O bond of isoxazoles. Upon heating, the insertion products undergo a rearrangement to give 1,4-dihydropyridines. DDQ oxidation then affords the corresponding pyridines in good yield.
J. R. Manning, H. M. L. Davies, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 8602-8603.

Cationic rhodium(I)/modified-BINAP complexes catalyze a chemo- and regioselective [2+2+2] cycloaddition of a wide variety of alkynes and nitriles leading to highly functionalized pyridines under mild reaction conditions.
K. Tanaka, N. Suzuki, G. Nishida, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2006, 3917-3922.

Conversion of unsaturated ketones and aldehydes derived from the cycloisomerization of primary and secondary propargyl diynols in the presence of [CpRu(CH₃CN)₃]PF₆ to 1-azatrienes and a subsequent electrocyclization-dehydration provides pyridines with excellent regiocontrol.
B. M. Trost, A. C. Gutierrez, Org. Lett., 2007, 9, 1473-1476.

Coupling of acetylene, nitrile, and a titanium reagent generated new azatitanacyclopentadienes in a highly regioselective manner. The subsequent reaction with sulfonylacetylene and electrophiles gave substituted pyridines virtually as a single isomer. Alternatively, the reaction of azatitanacyclopentadienes with an aldehyde or another nitrile gave furans or pyrroles having four different substituents again in a regioselective manner.
D. Suzuki, Y. Nobe, R. Tanaka, Y. Takayama, F. Sato, H. Urabe, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 7474-7479.

A mild, efficient, and general aromatization of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines with oxygen was realized at room temperature with 5 mol % of 9-phenyl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate as photocatalyst, which could be easily recovered and reused.
X. Fang, Y.-C. Liu, C. Li, J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 8608-8610.

In the presence of activated carbon, Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines and 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazolines were aromatized with molecular oxygen to the corresponding pyridines and pyrazoles in excellent yields.
N. Nakamichi, Y. Kawashita, M. Hayashi, Synthesis, 2004, 1015-1020.

4-Substituted-1,4-dihydropyridines are readily and efficiently aromatized in only one minute using commercial manganese dioxide in the absence of an inorganic support at 100 °C under microwave irradiation. This rapid procedure gives the dehydrogenated or 4-dealkylated product in excellent yield.
M. C. Bagley, M. C. Lubinu, Synthesis, 2006, 1283-1288.

Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines undergo smooth aromatization catalyzed by iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) to afford the corresponding pyridine derivatives in high yields. All the reactions were carried out in DMSO solvent at 80-85 °C for a period of two to four hours to complete conversion of the substrates.
J. S. Yadav, B. V. S. Reddy, A. K. Basak, G. Baishya, A. V. Narsaiah, Synthesis, 2006, 451-454.

[bmim]OH, a basic ionic liquid, efficiently promotes a one-pot condensation of aldehydes, malononitrile, and thiophenols to produce highly substituted pyridines in high yields. The ionic liquid can be recovered and recycled.
B. C. Ranu, R. Jana, S. Sowmiah, J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 3152-3154.

Pyridine N-oxides were converted to 2-aminopyridines in a one-pot fashion using Ts₂O-tBuNH₂ followed by in situ deprotection with TFA. The amination proceeded in high yields, excellent 2-/4-selectivity, and with good functional group compatibility.
J. Yin, B. Xiang, M. H. Huffman, C. E. Raab, I. W. Davies, J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 4554-4557.

An efficient protecting-group-free two-step route to a broad range of aza- and diazaindoles was established, starting from chloroamino-N-heterocycles. The method involves an optimized Suzuki-Miyaura coupling with (2-ethoxyvinyl)borolane followed by acetic acid-catalyzed cyclization.
D. K. Whelligan, D. W. Thomson, D. Taylor, S. Hoelder, J. Org. Chem., 2010, 75, 11-15.

N-Phenacylpyridinium bromides, which were prepared in situ from the addition of pyridines to α-bromoketones, undergo nucleophilic addition of ammonium acetate under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions to afford the corresponding imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in excellent yields.
M. Adib, A. Mohamadi, E. Sheikhi, S. Ansari, H. R. Bijanzadeh, Synlett, 2010, 1606-1608.