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Synthesis of thiazoles and benzothiazoles

Recent Literature

Treatment of N,N-diformylaminomethyl aryl ketones with phosphorus pentasulfide and triethylamine in chloroform gives 5-arylthiazoles in good yield. The 5-aryl-1,3-thiazole core has been successfully functionalised at the 2-position to yield, over two steps, a large array of 5-aryl-2-arylsulfonyl-1,3-thiazoles.
P. W. Sheldrake, M. Matteucci, E. McDonald, Synlett, 2006, 460-462.

Ligand-free Pd(OAc)₂ catalyzes very efficiently the direct arylation of thiazole derivatives under very low catalyst concentration. Reactions with activated aryl bromides can be performed employing as little as 0.1-0.001 mol % catalyst, whereas some strongly deactivated or highly congested aryl bromides only give disappointing results.
J. Roger, F. Pogan, H. Doucet, J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 1179-1186.

Conditions for the palladium-catalyzed direct arylation of a wide range of heterocycles with aryl bromides employ a stoichiometric ratio of both coupling partners, as well as a substoichiometric quantity of pivalic acid, which results in significantly faster reactions. An evaluation of the influence of the nature of the aryl halide has also been carried out.
B. Liégault, D. Lapointe, L. Caron, A. Vlassova, K. Fagnou, J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 1826-1834.

Base-induced cyclization of active methylene isocyanides such as tosylmethyl isocyanide, ethyl isocyanoacetate, and arylmethyl isocyanides with methyl arene- and hetarenecarbodithioates enables an efficient synthesis of 4,5-disubstituted thiazoles. This synthesis is simple, rapid, and often avoids purification steps.
G. S. Lingaraju, T. R. Swaroop, A. C. Vinayaka, K. S. S. Kumar, M. P. Sadashiva, K. S. Ragappa, Synthesis, 2012, 1373-1379.

A domino alkylation-cyclization reaction of propargyl bromides with thioureas and thio­pyrimidinones allows the synthesis of 2-aminothiazoles and 5H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones, respectively. Domino reactions were performed under microwave irradiation leading to desired compounds in a few minutes and high yields.
D. Castagnolo, M. Pagano, M. Bernardini, M. Botta, Synlett, 2009, 2093-2096.

A small library of compounds with oxazole and thiazole scaffolds and structural diversity in both positions 2 and 5 has been synthesized. Double acylation of a protected glycine affords intermediate α-amido-β-ketoesters, which in turn can be dehydrated to afford 1,3-oxazoles or reacted with Lawesson’s reagent to furnish 1,3-thiazoles.
J. F. Sanz-Cervera, R. Blasco, J. Piera, M. Cynamon, I. Ibáñez, M. Murguía, S. Fustero, J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 8988-8996.

2-Amino-4-alkyl- and 2-amino-4-arylthiazole-5-carboxylates and their selenazole analogues were synthesized by α-halogenation of β-keto esters with N-bromosuccinimide, followed by cyclization with thiourea or selenourea, respectively, in the presence of β-cyclodextrin in water at 50°C.
M. Narender, M. S. Reddy, V. P. Kumar, B. Srinivas, R. Sridhar, Y. V. D. Nageswar, K. R. Rao, Synthesis, 2007, 3469-3472.

Thiazoles were obtained in good yields by the reaction of 1H-1-(1′-alkynyl)-5-methyl-1,2,3-benziodoxathiole 3,3-dioxides with thioamides. The co-product, potassium 2-iodo-5-methylbenzenesulfonate, was recovered quantitatively by simple filtration of the reaction mixture, and was regenerated to 1H-1-(1′-alkynyl)-5-methyl-1,2,3-benziodoxathiole 3,3-dioxides to be reused.
Y. Ishiwata, H. Togo, Synlett, 2008, 2637-2641.

Endothiopeptides can easily be obtained via Ugi reaction using thio acids as acid components. If isonitriles with an acetal group are applied, the endothiopeptides can directly be converted into thiazoles using TMSCl-NaI under microwave irradiation.
U. Kazmaier, S. Ackermann, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2005, 3, 3184-3187.

The reaction of ortho-substituted anilines with functionalized orthoesters yields benzoxazole, benzothiazole, and benzimidazole derivatives in an efficient and connective methodology. The versatility of this approach enables the development of new libraries of heterocycles containing multifunctional sites.
G. Bastug, C. Eviolitte, I. E. Markó, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 3502-3505.

Various 2-bromoanilides were reacted with 2-ethylhexyl 3-mercaptopropionate in high yields using a palladium catalyst. Subsequent generation of thiols and condensation under basic or acidic conditions allows a convenient synthesis of substituted benzothiazoles.
T. Itoh, T. Mase, Org. Lett., 2007, 9, 3687-3689.

A convenient method for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles and benzothizoles offers short reaction times, large-scale synthesis, easy and quick isolation of the products, excellent chemoselectivity, and excellent yields as main advantages.
K. Bahrami, M. M. Khodaei, F. Naali, J. Org. Chem., 2008, 73, 6835-6837.

A one-pot tandem reaction of benzyl halides and o-aminobenzenethiol gives benzothiazoles in high chemical yields under mild conditions in DMSO in the absence of an additional oxidant. Both benzyl chlorides and bromides bearing a range of substituents proved to be suitable substrates.
C. Zhu, T. Akiyama, Synlett, 2010, 2345-2351.

An aerobic visible-light driven photoredox catalytic formation of 2-substituted benzothiazoles through radical cyclization of thioanilides features C-H functionalization and C-S bond formation with no direct metal involvement except the sensitizer. In this reaction, visible-light is the driving force, molecular oxygen the terminal oxidant, and water the only byproduct.
Y. Cheng, J. Yang, Y. Qu, P. Li, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 98-101.

Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) efficiently mediates the intramolecular cyclization of phenolic azomethines at ambient temperature leading to substituted benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles. Treatment of the reaction mixtures sequentially with Amberlyst A-26 thiosulfate resin and diisopropylaminomethyl resin (PS-DIEA) removes excess reagent and byproducts, to give pure products.
D. S. Bose, M. Idrees, Synthesis, 2010, 398-402.

Various benzothiazoles were synthesized by the intramolecular cyclization of thioformanilides using 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in dichloromethane at ambient temperature in high yields.
D. S. Bose, M. Idrees, B. Srikanth, Synthesis, 2007, 819-823.

N-Arylthioureas are converted to 2-aminobenzothiazoles via intramolecular C-S bond formation/C-H functionalization in the presence of an unusual cocatalytic Pd(PPh₃)₄/MnO₂ system under an oxygen atmosphere at 80°C. This method eliminates the need for an ortho-halo substituted precursor, instead achieving direct functionalization of the ortho-aryl C-H bond.
L. L. Joyce, R. A. Batey, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 2792-2795.

Various aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds have been efficiently thiocyanated by using a combination of bromodimethylsulfonium bromide (BDMS) and ammonium thiocyanate.
D. S. Bhalerao, K. G. Agamanchi, Synlett, 2007, 2952-2956.

An efficient strategy for the synthesis of various 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives proceeds from o-haloaniline derivatives and carbon disulfide via a tandem reaction in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) to afford the corresponding 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives in good yields.
F. Wang, S. Cai, Z. Wang, C. Xi, Org. Lett., 2011, 13, 3202-3205.

Lawesson’s reagent is an efficient promoter in the solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles from carboxylic acids and 2-aminophenol or 2-aminothiophenol, respectively. Various aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids react under the conditions developed with good yields.
J. A. Seijas, M. P. Vázquez-Tato, M. R. Carballido-Reboredo, J. Crecente-Campo, L. Romar-López, Synlett, 2007, 313-316.

A general method for the formation of benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles via a copper-catalyzed cyclization of ortho-haloanilides is reported. Optimal conditions for cyclization used a catalyst combination of CuI and 1,10-phenanthroline as ligand. The mechanism is believed to proceed via an oxidative insertion/reductive elimination pathway through a Cu(I)/Cu(III) manifold. The rate of reaction of ortho-haloanilides follows the order I > Br > Cl, consistent with oxidative addition being the rate-determining step.
G. Evindar, R. A. Batey, J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 1802-1808.

A set of benzimidazoles, 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines, purines, xanthines and benzothiazoles was readily prepared from (hetero)aromatic ortho-diamines or ortho-aminothiophenol and aldehydes using chlorotrimethylsilane in DMF as a promoter and water-acceptor agent, followed by oxidation with air oxygen.
S. V. Ryabukhin, A. S. Plaskon, D. M. Volochnyuk, A. A. Tolmachev, Synthesis, 2006, 3715-3726.

A new, mild, and efficient method for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles proceeds via the intramolecular cyclization of thioformanilides by using hypervalent iodine reagents in CH₂Cl₂ at ambient temperature.
D. S. Bose, M. Idrees, J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 8261-8263.

A novel metal-free iodine-mediated intramolecular oxidative cyclization protocol allows the preparation of various 2-substituted benzothiazoles.
D.-Y. Zhao, X.-K. Guo, J.-H. Li, R.-Y. Zang, Synthesis, 2012, 927-933.

A transition-metal-free, DDQ-mediated method enables the intramolecular S-arylation of o-halobenzothiaoureas to yield 2-aminobenzothiazole derivatives. The reactions are performed at room temperature under base-free conditions with very good yields.
R. Wang, W.-j. Yang, L. Yue, W. Pan, H.-y. Zeng, Synlett, 2012, 1643-1648.

Thionation of amides, 1,4-diketones, N-(2-oxoalkyl)amides, and N,N'-acylhydrazines with the use of a fluorous Lawesson's reagent leads to thioamides, thiophenes, 1,3-thiazoles, and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles in high yields. The isolation of the final products is achieved in most cases by a simple filtration.
Z. Kaleta, B. T Makowski, T. Soos, R. Dembinski, Org. Lett., 2006, 8, 1625-1628.

A highly efficient Pd/Cu-catalyzed C-H arylation method for a range of heterocycles has been discovered. The efficiency and low loading of a combination of a palladium catalyst and a well-defined copper cocatalyst together with the mild reaction conditions demonstrate this method to be practically useful and mechanistically interesting.
J. Huang, J. Chan, Y. Chen, C. J. Borths, K. D. Baucom, R. D. Larsen, M. M. Faul, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 3674-3675.

A new method for a direct, copper-catalyzed arylation of heterocycle C-H bonds by aryl iodides allows the conversion of electron-rich five-membered heterocycles and electron-poor pyridine oxides. The best results are obtained by using a combination of lithium tert-butoxide as base and copper iodide as catalyst.
H.-Q. Do, O. Daugulis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 12404-12405.

A simple and straightforward method for the direct carboxylation of aromatic heterocylces such as oxazoles, thiazoles, and oxadiazoles using CO₂ as the C1 source requires no metal catalyst and only Cs₂CO₃ as the base. A good functional group tolerance is achieved.
O. Vechorkin, N. Hirt, X. Hu, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 3567-3569.