Further Information
Literature
Related Reactions
Curtius
Rearrangement
Schmidt Reaction
Beckmann Rearrangement
An acid-induced rearrangement of oximes to give amides.
This reaction is related to the Hofmann and Schmidt Reactions and the Curtius Rearrangement, in that an electropositive nitrogen is formed that initiates an alkyl migration.
Mechanism of the Beckmann Rearrangement
Oximes generally have a high barrier to inversion, and accordingly this reaction is envisioned to proceed by protonation of the oxime hydroxyl, followed by migration of the alkyl substituent "trans" to nitrogen. The N-O bond is simultaneously cleaved with the expulsion of water, so that formation of a free nitrene is avoided.
Recent Literature
The Beckmann Rearrangement Executed by Visible-Light-Driven Generation of
Vilsmeier-Haack Reagent
V. P. Srivastava, A. K. Yadav, L. D. S. Yadav, Synlett, 2014, 25,
665-670.
Dichloroimidazolidinedione-Activated Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes for
Accessing Amides and Lactams
Y. Gao, J. Liu, Z. Li, T. Guo, S. Xu, H. Zhu, F. Wei, S. Chen, H. Gebru, K.
Guo, J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83,
2040-2049.
Scope and Mechanism of a True Organocatalytic Beckmann Rearrangement with a
Boronic Acid/Perfluoropinacol System under Ambient Conditions
X. Mo, T. D. R. Morgan, H. T. Ang, D. G. Hall, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2018,
140, 5264-5271.
Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes to Lactams by Triphosphazene Catalyst
M. Hashimoto, Y. Obora, S. Sakaguchi, Y. Ishii, J. Org. Chem., 2008,
73, 2894-2897.
Efficient Iodine-Mediated Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes to Amides
under Mild Neutral Conditions
N. C. Ganguly, P. Mondal, Synthesis, 2010, 3705-3709.
Beckmann Rearrangement of Oximes under Very Mild Conditions
L. De Luca, G. Giacomelli, A.
Porcheddu, J. Org. Chem., 2002, 67, 6272-6274.
Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide-ZnCl2: A Mild and Efficient Catalytic System
for Beckmann Rearrangement
L. D. S. Yadav, R. Patel, V. P. Srivastava, Synthesis, 2010,
1771-1776.
The Reaction of Ketoximes with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Beckmann
Rearrangement and Hydrolysis to Ketones
T. Maegawa, R. Oishi, A. Maekawa, K. Segi, H. Hamamoto, A. Nakamura, Y. Miki, Synthesis, 2022, 54,
4095-4103.
Photocatalyzed Triplet Sensitization of Oximes Using Visible Light Provides
a Route to Nonclassical Beckmann Rearrangement Products
X. Zhang, T. Rovis, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2021, 143, 21211-21217.
Au/Ag-Cocatalyzed Aldoximes to Amides Rearrangement under Solvent- and
Acid-Free Conditions
R. S. Ramón, J. Bosson, S. Díez-González, N. Marion, S. P. Nolan, J. Org. Chem., 2010,
75, 1197-1202.
Beckmann reaction of oximes catalysed by chloral: mild and neutral
procedures
S. Chandrasekhar, K. Gopalaiah,
Tetrahedron Lett., 2003, 44, 755-756.
Mercury-Catalyzed Rearrangement of Ketoximes into Amides and Lactams in
Acetonitrile
C. Ramalingan, Y.-T. Park, J. Org. Chem., 2007,
72, 4536-4538.
Zinc(II) catalyzes a single-step protocol for the Beckmann rearrangement
using hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA) as the nitrogen source in
water. This environmentally benign and operationally simple method efficiently
produces secondary amides under open atmosphere in a pure form after basic
aqueous workup.
S. Verma, P. Kumar, A. K. Khatana, D. Chandra, A. K. Yadav, B. Tiwari, J. L.
Jat, Synthesis, 2020, 52,
1841-1846.
Cu(OTf)2-Catalyzed Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketones Using
Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic Acid (HOSA)
S. Munnuri, S. Verma, D. Chandra, R. R. Anugu, J. R. Falck, J. L. Jat, Synthesis, 2019, 51,
3709-3714.
Direct and Catalytic Amide Synthesis from Ketones via Transoximation and
Beckmann Rearrangement under Mild Conditions
K. Hyodo, G. Hasegawa, N. Oishi, K. Kuroda, K. Uchida, J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83,
13080-13087.
Deacetylative Amination of Acetyl Arenes and Alkanes with C-C Bond Cleavage
K. Hyodo, G. Hasegawa, H. Maki, K. Uchida,
Org. Lett., 2019, 21, 2818-2822.
Solvent-Free and One-Step Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketones and Aldehydes by
Zinc Oxide
H. Sharghi, M. Hosseini, Synthesis,
2002, 1057-1059.