Categories: C-C Bond Formation > Chains >
Synthesis of 1,3-dienes
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Recent Literature
A broad range of 1,3-dienes have been prepared by the Heck olefination of vinyl
bromides using low loadings of [Pd(η3-C3H5)Cl]2/cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis[(diphenylphosphino)methyl]cyclopentane
(Tedicyp) as the catalyst precursor. Both α- and β-substituted vinyl bromides
undergo the Heck reaction with nonfunctionalised and functionalised alkenes such
as acrylates, enones, styrenes.
M. Lemhadri, A. Battace, F. Berthiol, T. Zair, H. Doucet, M. Santelli, Synthesis, 2008,
1142-1152.
Heck Coupling with Nonactivated Alkenyl Tosylates and Phosphates: Examples
of Effective 1,2-Migrations of the Alkenyl Palladium(II) Intermediates
A. L. Hansen, J.-P. Ebran, M. Ahlquist, P.-O. Norrby, T. Skydstrup,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006,
45, 3349-3353.
A general and mild protocol of oxygen-promoted Pd(II) catalysis allows a
selective cross-couplings of alkenyl- and arylboron compounds with various
olefins. Unlike most cross-coupling reactions, this new methodology works well
even in the absence of bases, consequently averting undesired homo-couplings.
K. S. Yoo, C. H. Yoon, J. W. Jung, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006,
128, 16348-16393.
The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of air-stable potassium (E)-
and (Z)-alkenyltrifluoroborates with either (E)- or (Z)-alkenyl
bromides allows a stereoselective synthesis of conjugated dienes in moderate
to excellent yields. A variety of functional groups are tolerated in both
coupling partners.
G. A. Molander, L. A. Felix, J. Org. Chem., 2005,
70, 3950-3956.
Stereospecific coupling reactions of readily available alkenylsilanes have
been developed.
S. E. Denmark, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999,
121, 5821-5822.
A sequential, palladium-catalyzed, stereoselective disubstitution of
1,1-dibromoalkenes with various alkenyltrifluoroborates followed by
alkyltrifluoroborates proceeds smoothly in one pot under mild reaction
conditions to provide the corresponding trisubstituted, conjugated dienes in
excellent yield.
G. A. Molander, Y. Yokoyama, J. Org. Chem., 2006,
71, 2493-2498.
1-Alkenylboronic acid pinacol esters have been synthesized via a
palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of bis(pinacolato)diboron with
1-alkenyl halides or triflates in toluene at 50°C in the presence of KOPh in
high yields with complete retention of configuration of the double bonds. A
one-pot synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,3-dienes via the borylation-coupling
sequence has been developed.
J. Takagi, K. Takahashi, T. Ishiyama, N. Miyaura, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2002,
124, 8001-8006.
PMHS activated by KF allows Me3SnH to be efficiently recycled during
a Pd(0)-catalyzed hydrostannation/Stille cascade. This protocol offers short
reaction times and proceeds through Me3SnF intermediate.
R. E. Maleczka, W. P. Gallagher, Org. Lett., 2001, 3,
4173-4176.
An efficient ligand-free iron-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction involving
alkenyllithium reagents and vinyl iodides provides dienes in moderate yields.
This reaction offers a mild, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly avenue
toward synthesis of diversified diene derivatives.
Q. Liu, Z.-Y. Wang, X.-S. Peng, H. N. C. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83,
6325-6333.
Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling of vinylboronic acids and electronically
unbiased alkyl olefins in the presence of 2,9-dimethylphenanthroline as a ligand
provides regioselective access to 1,3-disubstituted conjugated dienes in
contrast to the observed regioselectivity from a traditional (nonoxidative) Heck
reaction between a vinyl bromide and an alkene.
C. Zheng, D. Wang, S. S. Stahl, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012,
134, 16496-16499.
A variety of organolithiums are added to terminal and 2,2-disubstituted epoxides
in the presence of LTMP to generate alkenes in a completely regio- and highly
stereoselective manner. Arylated alkenes, dienes, allylsilanes, and enynes are
accessed using this procedure.
D. M. Hodgson, M. J. Fleming, S. J. Stanway, J. Org. Chem., 2007,
72, 4763-4773.
The PdCl2/PtBu3 catalytic system with copper(I)
iodide and cesium fluoride in DMF is most effective for coupling aryl bromides,
while Pd(PPh3)4 is optimal when coupling iodides and
triflates. The combination of copper(I) iodide and cesium fluoride should allow
the synthesis of sterically hindered systems and promotes electronically
disfavored coupling reactions.
S. P. H. Mee, V. Lee, J. E. Baldwin, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2004,
43, 1132-1136.
An oxidative Heck reaction enables a selective formation of complex dienes and
polyenes from nonactivated terminal olefins and slight excesses of vinyl boronic
esters that feature diverse functionality. The reaction proceeds via oxidative
Pd(II)/sulfoxide catalysis that retards palladium-hydride isomerizations which
previously limited the Heck manifold’s capacity for furnishing stereodefined
conjugated dienes.
J.-J. Dai, C. Fang, B. Xiao, J. Yi, J. Xu, Z.-J. Liu, X. Lu, L. Liu, Y. Fu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013,
135, 8436-8439.
Exposure of aromatic and aliphatic N-arylsulfonyl aldimines to equal
volumes of acetylene and hydrogen gas at 45°C and ambient pressure in the
presence of chirally modified cationic rhodium catalysts provides (Z)-dienyl
allylic amines in highly optically enriched form and as single geometrical
isomers.
E. Skucas, J. R. Kong, M. J. Krische, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007,
129, 7242-7243.
Exposure of aldehydes or α-ketoesters to acetylene and hydrogen gas at
ambient temperature and pressure in the presence of a cationic rhodium catalysts
provides the products of a formal carbonyl Z-butadienylation. These
multicomponent couplings represent the first use of acetylene gas in
metal-catalyzed reductive C-C bond formation.
J. R. Kong, M. J. Krische, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006,
128, 16040-16041.
An oxidative cross-coupling reaction between activated olefins and vinyl
boronate provides synthetically useful (E,E)-1,3-dienes. Exclusive
stereoselectivity (only E,E-isomer) was achieved using base-free,
ligand-free, and mild catalytic conditions with [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2
as catalyst.
D. H. Dethe, N. C. Beeralingappa, A. Uike, J. Org. Chem., 2021, 86,
3444-3455.
A cationic rhodium(I)/H8−BINAP complex catalyzes a codimerization of
alkenes bearing no α-hydrogen and electron-deficient internal alkynes, leading
to 1,3-dienes in good yields with good regio- and stereoselectivity.
Y. Shibata, M. Hirano, K. Tanaka, Org. Lett.,
2008,
10, 2829-2831.
A version of a Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling process generates 1,3-dienes
as the Z,Z-isomer. The scope of this new atom-economic process is described.
B. M. Trost, A. Martos-Redruejo, Org. Lett., 2009,
11, 1071-1074.
The rhodium-catalyzed reaction of aryl boronic acids with internal alkynes
and acrylates in water gives the domino coupling products. The reaction
demonstrates that water offers the possibility to discover novel
transformations.
T. Kurahashi, H. Shinokubo, A. Osuka, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2006,
45, 6336-6338.
N-Vinylpyridinium and -trialkylammonium tetrafluoroborate salts represent
a new class of electrophilic coupling partner for Pd(0)-catalyzed Suzuki
cross-coupling reactions with various boronic acids in high yields. The
crystalline, air-stable, and nonhygroscopic salts are easily prepared from
activated acetylenes and pyridinium or trialkylammonium tetrafluoroborates.
K. R. Buszek, N. Brown, Org. Lett., 2007,
9, 707-710.
A stereoselective arylation and vinylation of alkenes without transition-metal
catalysts takes place through an interesting NBS-promoted semipinacol
rearrangement under mild conditions and a subsequent unusual NaOH-mediated Grob
fragmentation.
D.-Y. Yuan, Y.-Q. Tu, C.-A. Fan, J. Org. Chem., 2008,
73, 7797-7799.
Metal-catalyzed vinylic C-H activation enables a chemodivergent
cross-coupling of acrylamides and vinyl acetates. Depending on catalysts,
selective olefinic C-H vinylation and alkenylation reactions efficiently
generate a range of highly synthetically valuable butadienes with good
functional group tolerance in good yields.
R. Logeswaran, M. Jeganmohan, Org. Lett., 2021, 23,
5679-5683.
A stereoselective approach towards ethyl-substituted conjugated dienoic esters
utilising a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction has been achieved. In addition, a
method for their conversion into the corresponding ethyl ketones is presented.
D. Keck, T. Muller, S. Bräse, Synlett, 2006,
3457-3460.
Lewis-acid catalysts such as AlMe3, AlMe2Cl, and BPh3 significantly improve
the efficiency of the nickel-catalyzed aryl- and alkenylcyanation of alkynes.
Electron-rich cyanides, which exhibit poor reactivity in the absence of Lewis
acids, readily undergo the arylcyanation reaction under the newly disclosed
conditions.
Y. Nakao, A. Yada, S. Ebata, T. Hiyama, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007,
129, 2428-2429.
The in situ generated Blaise reaction intermediate, a zinc bromide complex of
β-enaminoester, reacts with various alkynes under mild conditions to afford
α-vinylated β-enaminoesters in good to excellent yields.
Y. S. Chun, Y. O. Ko, H. Shin, S.-g. Lee, Org. Lett., 2009,
11, 3414-3417.
A Cu/Pd-catalyzed borylallenylation of alkynes with propargylic carbonates
and bis(pinacolato)diboron enables the synthesis of boryl-substituted
ene-allenes. Densely (tetra-, penta-, and hexa-) substituted ene-allenes were
synthesized in acceptable yield with high regio- and stereoselectivity. More
important molecule structures can be obtained by subsequent modifications.
S.-H. Yu, T.-J. Gong, Y. Fu,
Org. Lett., 2020, 22, 2941-2945.
2-Alkynyl esters are stereo- and regioselectively converted to E-β-chloro-α-iodo-α,β-unsaturated
esters by exposure to Bu4NI in refluxing dichloroethane.
Single-isomer tetrasubstituted olefins bearing four different carbon
substituents are then synthesized by sequential palladium-catalyzed coupling
reactions.
A. B. Lemay, K. S. Vulic, W. W. Ogilvie, J. Org. Chem., 2006,
71, 3615-3618.
A novel alkenylative cyclization of enyne was developed using Cp*RuCl(cod)
under ethylene gas at room temperature.
M. Mori, N. Saito, D. Tanaka, M. Takimoto, Y. Sato, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2003,
125, 5606-5607.
A rhodium-catalyzed cycloisomerization converts various acyclic enynes to
their cyclic diene isomers with endoselectivity. Two different catalyst
systems have been developed, which are effective in promoting the C-C
bond-forming cyclization of enynes to furnish carbo- and heterocycles in
good to excellent yield. The mechanism is discussed.
H. Kim, C. Lee, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
2005,
127, 10180-10181.
A palladium-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of vinyl boronic acids and cyclic
α-diazocarbonyl compounds enables an efficient synthesis of 1,3-diene compounds.
Mechanistically, the reaction involves migratory insertion of palladium carbene
as the key step.
Y. Xia, Y. Xia, Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Org. Chem., 2014,
79, 7711-7717.
Various arylallenes and alkenylallenes were prepared via coupling of
allenylstannanes with aryl iodides or alkenyl iodides in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4
as catalyst, LiCl, and DMF as solvent.
C.-W. Huang, M. Shanmugasundaram, H.-M. Chang, C.-H. Cheng, Tetrahedron,
2003, 59, 3635-3641.
Highly regioselective Heck couplings of α,β-unsaturated tosylate and mesylate
derivatives with N-acyl N-vinylamines and vinyl ethers were
achieved. This method provides a cheap alternative to similar couplings using a
triflate electrophile.
A. L. Hansen, T. Skrydstrup, Org. Lett.,
2005,
7, 5585-5587.
A. L. Hansen, T. Skrydstrup, Org. Lett.,
2005,
7, 5585-5587.
Related:
The combination of a (PCN)Ir complex as the precatalyst and tBuNH2
as the cocatalyst mediates an efficient trans-semihydrogenation of
1,3-enynes with ethanol as the hydrogen source. The reaction provides an
atom-economical access to unsymmetrical (E,E)-1,4-diarylbutadienes with
high yields and stereoselectivities.
F. Huang, Z. Huang, G. Liu, Z. Huang, Org. Lett.,
2022, 24, 5486-5490.