Synthesis of carbamates

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A copper-based photoredox catalyst, bearing a tridentate carbazolide/bisphosphine ligand, that can be activated upon irradiation by blue LEDs, achieves the coupling of a range of primary carbamates with unactivated secondary alkyl bromides at room temperature.
J. M. Ahn, J. C. Peters, G. C. Fu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139, 18101-18106.

The arylation of N-H and O-H containing compounds at room temperature with phenylboronic acids is promoted in the presence of cupric acetate and a tertiary amine. Substrates include phenols, amines, anilines, amides, imides, ureas, carbamates, and sulfonamides.
D. M. T. Chan, K. L. Monaco, R.-P. Wang, M. P. Winteres, Tetrahedron Lett., 1998, 39, 2933-2936.

A highly efficient Ni(II)-catalyzed photoredox N-arylation of Cbz-amines/Boc-amines with aryl electrophiles at room temperature provides a wide variety of N-aromatic and N-heteroaromatic carbamate products that find use in the synthesis of several biologically active molecules. The reaction offers a viable alternative to traditional palladium-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig reaction.
L. R. Reddy, S. Kotturi, Y. Waman, V. R. Reddy, C. Patel, A. Kobarne, S. Kuttappan, J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83, 13854-13860.

An efficient synthesis of aryl carbamates - including major carbamate protecting groups - was achieved by introducing alcohols into the reaction of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl chlorides and triflates with sodium cyanate. This methodology also provides direct access to S-thiocarbamates and diisocyanate precursors to polyurethane materials.
E. V. Vinogradova, N. H. Park, B. P. Fors, S. L. Buchwald, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 1394-1397.

A CuI/MNAO [2-((2-methylnaphthalen-1-yl)amino)-2-oxoacetic acid] catalyzed cross-coupling of (hetero)aryl chlorides with potassium cyanate in alcohols provides N-(hetero)aryl carbamates in very good yields at 120-130°C. Moreover, (hetero)aryl bromides and (hetero)aryl iodides were reacted at lower catalyst loadings and lower temperatures.
S. V. Kumar, D. Ma, J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83, 2706-2713.

The reaction of azidoformates with boronic acids in the presence of 10 mol% of copper chloride enables a mild and efficient synthesis of N-arylcarbamates in an open flask at room temperature without additional base, ligand, or additive. A subsequent reaction with aluminum-amine complexes in a two-step one-pot procedure gives N-arylcarbamates.
S.-Y. Moon, U. Bin Kim, D.-B. Sung, W.-S. Kim, J. Org. Chem., 2015, 80, 1856-1865.

The use of PhINTs as a reagent enables a mild Hofmann rearrangement of aromatic and aliphatic carboxamides. The mild reaction conditions and high selectivity in the reaction of carboxamides with PhINTs allow the isolation of the initially formed labile isocyanates or their subsequent conversion to stable carbamates by treatment with alcohols.
A. Yoshimura, M. W. Luedtke, V. V. Zhdankin, J. Org. Chem., 2012, 77, 2087-2091.

An intramolecular decarboxylation of readily prepared alkanoyloxycarbamates enables a general and effective synthesis of primary and secondary alkylamines. The reaction tolerates a broad range of functional groups and the corresponding products were obtained in good yields under mild conditions.
P. Li, N. Ma, Z. Wang, Q. Dai, C. Hu, J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83, 8233-8240.

Catalysts generated from Pd₂(dba)₃ and biphenyl ligands efficiently promote the coupling of amides and carbamates with unactivated vinyl triflates and tosylates, to provide enamides in good to excellent yields.
M. C. Willis, G. N. Brace, I. P. Holmes, Synthesis, 2005, 3229-3234.

A mild palladium-catalyzed conjugate addition of a carbamate nucleophile to an enone provides β-amido ketones in very good yields. The regiocontrol, neutral conditions, and lack of preactivation of the nucleophile are attractive features of this transformation.
M. J. Gaunt, J. B. Spencer, Org. Lett., 2001, 3, 25-28.

The AuCl₃-PPh₃-catalyzed direct three-component Mannich reactions of aryl aldehydes, aryl ketones, and carbamates led to N-protected β-aryl-β-amino ketones.
L.-W. Xu, C.-G. Xia, L. Li, J. Org. Chem., 2004, 69, 8482-8484.

A direct reaction between carbamates and achiral allylic carbonates to form branched, conveniently protected primary allylic amines with high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity occurs without base in the presence of a metalacyclic iridium catalyst containing a labile ethylene ligand.
D. J. Weix, D. Marković, M. Ueda, J. F. Hartwig, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 2944-2947.

Iridium-catalyzed allylation of potassium trifluoroacetamide or the highly reactive ammonia equivalent lithium di-tert-butyliminodicarboxylate forms a range of conveniently protected, primary, α-branched allylic amines in high yields, high branched-to-linear regioselectivities, and high enantiomeric excess.
M. J. Pouy, A. Leitner, D. J. Weix, S. Ueno, J. F. Hartwig, Org. Lett., 2007, 9, 3949-3952.

Alkylcarboxamides can be converted to the respective alkylcarbamates by Hofmann rearrangement using hypervalent iodine species generated in situ from PhI and Oxone in methanol. In addition, substituted benzamides can be converted to the respective quinone derivatives by treatment with Oxone and iodobenzene in aqueous acetonitrile.
A. A. Zagulyaeva, C. T. Banek, M. S. Yusubov, V. V. Zhdankin, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 4644-4647.

Hofmann rearrangement of carboxamides to carbamates using Oxone as an oxidant can be efficiently catalyzed by iodobenzene via hypervalent iodine species generated in situ in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) in aqueous methanol solutions. Under these conditions, Hofmann rearrangement of various carboxamides affords corresponding carbamates in high yields.
A. Yoshimura, K. R. Middleton, M. W. Luedtke, C. Zhu, V. V. Zhdankin, J. Org. Chem., 2012, 77, 11399-11404.

A versatile and efficient copper-catalyzed amidation of vinyl bromides and iodides has been developed. The protocol, which uses a combination of copper iodide and N,N'-dimethyl ethylenediamine, tolerates substrates bearing ester, silyl ether, and amino groups.
L. Jiang, G. E. Job, A. Klapars, S. L. Buchwald, Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 3667-3669.

A mild, ruthenium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov addition of secondary amides, anilides, lactames, ureas, bislactames, and carbamates to terminal alkynes has been developped. Two complementary protocols provide either the E or the Z isomers.
L. J. Goossen, J. E. Rauhaus, G. Deng, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 4042-4045.

A range of enol triflates can be coupled with amides, carbamates, and sulfonamides using palladium catalysis. This method allows the synthesis of enamides, which may not be readily available by other means.
D. J. Wallace, D. J. Klauber, C.-Y. Chen, R. P. Volante, Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 4749-4752.

Silyl carbamates undergo allylation using allylic fluorides in the presence of common Lewis base catalysts. The reactions are rendered enantioselective in the presence of chiral Lewis base catalysts and produce suitably protected derivatives of enantioenriched chiral β-amino acids.
M. Lange, F. L. Meyer, O. Nosovska, I. Vilotijevic, Org. Lett., 2023, 25, 9097-9102.

A facile route to ynamides in high yields was achieved through an iron-catalyzed C-N coupling reaction of amides with alkynyl bromides in the presence of 20 mol % of N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (DMEDA).
B. Yao, Z. Liang, T. Niu, Y. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 4630-4633.

A robust transition-metal-free reaction of sulfonamides and (Z)-1,2-dichloroalkenes or alkynyl chlorides enables the synthesis of internal and terminal ynamides. The reaction tolerates various functional groups.
X. Zeng, Y. Tu, Z. Zhang, C. You, J. Wu, Z. Ye, J. Zhao, J. Org. Chem., 2019, 84, 4458-4466.

An efficient palladium-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of 2-bromo-1-iodoalkenes gives 1,3-diynes. Moreover, ynamides can be synthesized in high yields from 2-bromo-1-iodoalkenes and carbamates using nanoparticulate copper(I) oxide as catalyst.
J. Xue, M.-T. Luo, Y.-L. Wen, M. Ye, L.-X. Liu, Z.-W. Chen, Synthesis, 2014, 46, 3191-3198.

Acid- or base-promoted condensation reactions of carbamates with β-alcoxyacrylates provide N-monosubstituted β-Aminoacrylates. Whereas the base-promoted reaction is E-selective, acid catalysis can selectively form E or Z isomers depending on the solvent.
S. R. Pollack, A. Dion, J. Org. Chem., 2021, 86, 11748-11762.

Rhodium(II) azavinyl carbenes, which are conveniently generated from 1-sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles, undergo a facile, mild, and convergent formal 1,3-insertion into N-H and O-H bonds of primary and secondary amides, various alcohols, and carboxylic acids to afford a wide range of vicinally bisfunctionalized (Z)-olefins with perfect regio- and stereoselectivity.
S. Chuprakov, B. T. Worrell, N. Selander, R. K. Sit, V. V. Fokin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 195-202.

CeCl₃ • 7H₂O/NaI supported on neutral alumina (Al₂O₃) promotes heteroatom Michael additions under solvent-free conditions. The CeCl₃ • 7H₂O/NaI/Al₂O₃ system works well for hetero-Michael additions of weak nucleophiles such as imidazoles and carbamates to various acceptors.
G. Bartoli, M. Bartolacci, A. Giuliani, E. Marcantoni, M. Massaccesi, E. Torregiani, J. Org. Chem., 2005, 70, 169-174.

An efficient palladium-catalyzed asymmetric amination of 2,3-allenyl phosphates with nitrogen nucleophiles such as amines, hydroxylamines, and imides can be performed in presence of SEGPHOS or MeOBIPHEP ligand, affording the corresponding optically active 1-aminated derivatives with high enantiomeric excess.
Y. Imada, M. Nishida, K. Kutsuwa, S.-I. Murahashi, T. Naota, Org. Lett., 2005, 7, 5837-5839.