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Synthesis of vinylsilanes

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A zinc-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution reaction of chlorosilanes with organomagnesium reagents affords a broad range of functionalized tetraorganosilanes under mild reaction conditions. The reaction can be performed on large scale.
K. Murakami, H. Yorimitsu, K. Oshima, J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 1415-1417.


Various siletanes have been used as substrates for the oxidation of carbon-silicon bonds upon exposure to aqueous fluoride and peroxide. These tetraalkylsilanes offer a combination of stability and reactivity with many practical benefits, including compatibility with silicon protecting groups and electron-rich aromatic rings.
J. D. Sunderhaus, H. Lam, G. B. Dudley, Org. Lett., 2003, 8, 4571-4573.


Copper catalyzes a silylation of vinyliodonium salts with zinc-based silicon reagents as nucleophiles to provide vinylsilanes in high yield likely via a Cu(I)/Cu(III) reaction mechanism. The procedure is operationally simple, neither air- nor moisture-sensitive, and tolerant of a range of functional groups.
L Zhang, M. Oestreich, Org. Lett., 2018, 20, 8061-8063.


A bench-stable alkyl bisphosphine Mn(I) complex catalyzes an additive-free Mn(I)-catalyzed dehydrogenative silylation of terminal alkenes. A broad variety of aromatic and aliphatic alkenes was efficiently and selectively converted into E-vinylsilanes and allylsilanes, respectively, at room temperature.
S. Weber, M. Glavic, B. Stöger, E. Pittenauer, M. Podewitz, L. F. Veiros, K. Kirchner, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143, 17825-17832.


The nickel-catalyzed reaction of terminal alkenes with silacyclobutanes afforded the corresponding vinylsilanes in a highly regio- and stereoselective fashion. The reaction provides a facile access to vinylsilanes starting from trivial terminal alkenes as well as styrenes, 1,3-dienes, and acrylate esters.
K. Hirano, H. Yorimitsu, K. Oshima, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 6094-6095.


Monothiolate-bridged dirhodium complexes can smoothly facilitate highly regioselective and stereoselective hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes to afford β(Z) vinylsilanes with good functional group compatibility.
X. Zhao, D. Yang, Y. Zhang, B. Wang, J. Qu, Org. Lett., 2018, 20, 5357-5361.


Iron complexes bearing 2,9-diaryl-1,10-phenanthroline ligands exhibit not only unprecedented catalytic activity but also unusual ligand-controlled divergent regioselectivity in hydrosilylation reactions of various alkynes. This highly efficient hydrosilylation provides useful di- and trisubstituted olefins on a relatively large scale under mild conditions.
M.-Y. Hu, P. He, T.-Z. Qiao, W. Sun, W.-T. Li, J. Lian, J.-H. Li, S.-F. Zhu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 16894-16902.


Iron complexes bearing 2,9-diaryl-1,10-phenanthroline ligands exhibit not only unprecedented catalytic activity but also unusual ligand-controlled divergent regioselectivity in hydrosilylation reactions of various alkynes. This highly efficient hydrosilylation provides useful di- and trisubstituted olefins on a relatively large scale under mild conditions.
M.-Y. Hu, P. He, T.-Z. Qiao, W. Sun, W.-T. Li, J. Lian, J.-H. Li, S.-F. Zhu, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 16894-16902.


A copper-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation of alkynes with PhSiH3 offers excellent recognition between terminal and internal triple bonds. Various (hetero)aromatic and aliphatic substituted terminal alkynes provides (E)-vinylsilanes in high yields and with excellent regioselectivity.
Z.-Lu Wang, F.-L. Zhang, J.-L. Xu, C.-C. Shan, M. Zhao, Y.-H. Xu, Org. Lett., 2020, 22, 7735-7742.


Manganese-photocatalyzed activation of the Si-H bond in silanes enables a mild and efficient hydrosilylation of alkynes with high regioselectivity (anti-Markovnikov) and stereoselectivity to provide a wide range of Z-vinylsilanes in high yields. Moreover, visible-light-induced manganese-catalyzed activation of the Ge-H bond enables an E-selective alkyne hydrogermylation.
H. Liang, Y.-X. Ji, R.-H. Wang, Z.-H. Zhang, B. Zhang, Org. Lett., 2019, 21, 2750-2754.


A complex of [Ir(OMe)(cod)]2 and 4,4-di-tert-butyl-2,2-bipyridine (dtbpy) catalyzes the Z-selective, dehydrogenative silylation of terminal alkenes, but not internal alkenes, with triethylsilane or benzyldimethylsilane in THF. Yields and Z-stereoselectivity were significantly improved by 2-norbornene as sacrificial alkene. The reaction tolerates many functional groups.
B. Lu, J. R. Falck, J. Org. Chem., 2010, 75, 1701-1705.


[Co(IAd)(PPh3)(CH2TMS)] exhibits high catalytic efficiency and selectivity as well as good functional group compatibility in alkyne hydrosilylation. Regio- and stereoselective hydrosilylations of terminal, symmetrical internal, and trimethylsilyl-substituted unsymmetrical internal alkynes provide β-(E)-silylalkenes, (E)-silylalkenes, and (Z)-α,α-disilylalkenes, respectively, in high yields.
Z. Mo, J. Xiao, Y. Gao, L. Deng, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 17414-17417.


[RuHCl(CO)(H2IMes)(PCy3)] exhibits high catalytic activity for the (Z)-selective hydrosilylation of various terminal alkynes with 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane (HSiMe(OSiMe3)2). Stereoretentive Hiyama coupling of the (Z)-alkenylsiloxanes allows the synthesis of biologically active compounds.
Y. Mutoh, Y. Mohara, S. Saito, Org. Lett., 2017, 19, 5204-5207.


The use of 1 mol % Eosin Y as a photocatalyst enables a visible light-promoted hydrosilylation of alkynes in the presence of a catalytic amount of thiol as a radical quencher to provide alkenylsilanes with high regio- and stereoselectivites.
J. Zhu, W.-C. Cui, S. Wang, Z.-J. Yao, Org. Lett., 2018, 20, 3174-3178.


Grubbs' first-generation Ru metathesis complex catalyses the hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes. The reaction exhibits an interesting selectivity profile that is dependent on the reaction concentration and more importantly on the silane employed.
C. S. Arico, L. R. Cox, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2004, 2, 2558-2562.


Copper(I) catalyzes a highly regioselective synthesis of branched vinylsilanes through silicon-copper additions to terminal alkynes using methanol as additive. The corresponding vinylsilanes were obtained with excellent branched to linear selectivity in good yields.
P. Wang, X.-L. Yeo, T.-P. Loh, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 1254-1256.


Very low loadings of a bench-stable cobalt(II) complex catalyze a regioselective hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes. Both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes could be effectively hydrosilylated with primary, secondary, and tertiary silanes to give α-vinylsilanes in high yields with excellent Markovnikov selectivity and extensive functional-group tolerance.
M. Skrodzki, V. Patroniak, P. Pawluć, Org. Lett., 2021, 23, 663-667.


A well-defined bidentate geometry-constrained iminopyridyl cobalt complex enables an efficient and highly Markovnikov-selective hydrosilylation of alkynes, featuring a broad substrate scope including aromatic/heteroaromatic/aliphatic alkynes and primary/secondary silanes.
Z. Zong, Q. Yu, N. Sun, B. Hu, Z. Shen, X. Hu, L. Jin, Org. Lett., 2019, 21, 5767-5772.


A bench-stable NNN pincer cobalt complex catalyzes a regioselective hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes to provide a broad range of α-vinylsilanes in good yields with up to 98/2 Markovnikov regioselectivity. This very efficient protocol can be readily scaled up for gram-scale synthesis.
S. Zhang, J. J. Ibrahim, Y. Yang, Org. Lett., 2018, 20, 6265-6269.


A well-defined low-valent cobalt(I) catalyst [HCo(PMe3)4] enables a highly regio- and stereoselective hydrosilylation of internal alkynes. The reaction provides in many cases a single hydrosilylation isomer for various hydrosilanes and unsymmetrical alkynes.
A. Rivera-Hernández, B. J. Fallon, S. Ventre, C. Simon, M.-H. Tremblay, G. Gontard, E. Derat, M. Amatore, C. Aubert, M. Petit, Org. Lett., 2016, 18, 4242-4245.


A highly regioselective, catalytic hydrosilylation of terminal allenes using recyclable gold nanoparticles as catalyst does not require any external ligands or additives. The hydrosilane addition takes place on the more substituted double bond, which is attributed to steric and electronic factors.
M. Kidonakis, M. Stratakis, Org. Lett., 2015, 17, 4538-4541.


A one-pot regioselective allene hydrosilylation/Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling protocol affords functionalized 1,1-disubstituted alkenes with excellent regiocontrol. The regioselectivity of this hydroarylation is primarily governed by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand identity in the hydrosilylation step and is preserved in the subsequent cross-coupling reaction.
Z. D. Miller, J. Montgomery, Org. Lett., 2014, 16, 5486-5489.


In regioselective methods for allene hydrosilylation, alkenylsilanes are produced via nickel catalysis with larger N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands, whereas allylsilanes are produced via palladium catalysis with smaller NHC ligands. These complementary methods allow either regioisomeric product to be obtained with exceptional regiocontrol.
Z. D. Miller, W. Li, T. R. Belderrain, J. Montgomery, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, 15282-15285.


A silyl-Heck reaction allows the preparation of vinyl silyl ethers and disiloxanes rom aryl-substituted alkenes and related substrates using a commercially available catalyst system and mild conditions. This work represents a highly practical means of accessing diverse classes of vinyl silyl ether substrates in an efficient and direct manner with complete regiomeric and geometric selectivity.
S. E. S. Martin, D. A. Watson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135, 13330-13333.


Palladium catalyzes a highly regio- and stereoselective hydrosilylation applicable to a broad range of electron-deficient alkynes. The resulting α-silylalkenes can be further transformated using particularly Hiyama coupling and stereoinverting iododesilylation followed by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, which enables stereodivergent syntheses of α-arylenoates.
Y. Sumida, T. Kato, S. Yoshida, T. Hosoya, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 1552-1555.


A highly regio- and stereoselective palladium-catalyzed synthesis of various 2-silylallylboronates from allenes and 2-(dimethylphenylsilanyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolane afforded the corresponding silaboration products in moderate to excellent yields. In the absence of an organic iodide, the silaboration gives products having completely different regiochemistry. In the presence of an aldehyde, the silaboration reaction afforded homoallylic alcohols in one pot in good to excellent yields, with exceedingly high syn selectivity.
K.-J. Chang, D. K. Rayabarapu, F.-Y. Yang, C.-H. Cheng, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005,127, 126-131.


Low catalyst loadings of (IPr)Pt(allyl ether) display enhanced activity and regioselectivity for the hydrosilylation of terminal and internal alkynes. Reactions lead to exquisite regioselectivity in favor of the cis-addition product on the less hindered terminus of terminal and internal alkynes.
G. Berthon-Gelloz, J.-M. Schumers, G. De Bo, I. E. Markó, J. Org. Chem., 2008, 73, 4190-4197.


The use of a catalytic amount of PtCl2 enables the conversion of α-hydroxypropargylsilanes to (Z)-silylenones through a highly selective silicon migration via alkyne activation. The complementary (E)-silylenones are accessed by a regioselective hydrosilylation of the ynone precursor.
D. A. Rooke, E. M. Ferreira, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 11926-11928.


D. A. Rooke, E. M. Ferreira, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 11926-11928.


A palladium(0)-catalyzed defluorosilylation of β,β-difluoroacrylates provides tetrasubstituted vinylsilanes containing the monofluoroalkene motif in excellent diastereoselectivities (>99:1).
Y. Zong, Z. Luo, G. C. Tsui, Org. Lett., 2023, 25, 2333-2337.


The use of an iron precatalyst bearing an iminopyridine-oxazoline (IPO) ligand enables a mild, regio- and stereoselective hydrosilylation of a broad range of 1,3-enynes with primary and secondary silanes to access 1,3-dienylsilanes. The hydrosilylation proceeds via syn-addition of a Si-H bond to the alkyne group of 1,3-enynes, incorporating the silyl group at the site proximal to the alkene.
Z. Guo, H. Wen, G. Liu, Z. Huang, Org. Lett., 2021, 23, 2375-2379.


Reactions of 2,3-allenols with PhMe2SiZnCl or Ph2MeSiZnCl under catalysis of IPrCuCl or SIPrCuCl provide 2-silyl-1,3-butadienes. Secondary and tertiary 2,3-allenols could be used as coupling partners. Reactions of secondary 2,3-allenols gave (E)-2-silyl-1,3-butadienes as the only products.
G.-L. Xu, Y.-T. Duan, Z.-X. Wang, Org. Lett., 2022, 24, 7934-7938.


The silicon nucleophile generated by copper(I)-catalyzed Si-B bond activation allows several γ-selective propargylic substitutions. Chloride as a leaving groups is superior in linear substrates, and the phosphate group produces superb γ-selectivity in α-branched propargylic systems, and enantioenriched substrates react with excellent central-to-axial chirality transfer.
D. J. Vyas, C. K. Hazra, M. Oestreich, Org. Lett., 2011, 13, 4462-4465.


Gold nanoparticles supported on ZrO2 efficiently generate alkyl radicals via homolysis of unactivated C(sp3)-O bonds. A subsequent C(sp3)-Si bond formation provides diverse organosilicon compounds. A wide array of esters and ethers participated in the heterogeneous gold-catalyzed silylation by disilanes to give diverse alkyl-, allyl-, benzyl-, and allenyl silanes in high yields.
H. Miura, M. Doi, Y. Yasui, Y. Masaki, H. Nishio, T. Shishido, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145, 4613-4625.


A Rh-catalyzed coupling reaction between propargylic carbonates and a silylboronate affords allenylsilanes in high yields. The reaction tolerates various functional groups and proceeds with excellent chirality transfer.
H. Ohmiya, H. Ito, M. Sawamura, Org. Lett., 2009, 11, 5618-5620.


Copper(I)-catalyzed propargylic substitution of linear precursors with one equivalent of (Me2PhSi)2Zn predominantly yields the γ isomer independent of the propargylic leaving group. The formed allenylic silane can regioselectively react with a second equivalent of (Me2PhSi)2Zn to give a bifunctional building block with allylic and vinylic silicon groups. The propargylic displacement occurs quantitatively prior to the addition step.
C. K. Hazra, M. Oestreich, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 4010-4013.


C. K. Hazra, M. Oestreich, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 4010-4013.


A copper-catalzed functionalization of propiolate esters with various Grignard reagents in presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate enables the synthesis of substituted E-vinyl silanes in good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities via a catalytic carbocupration-silicon group migration sequence.
A. J. Mueller Hendrix, M. P. Jennings, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 2750-2753.


A new approach to 2-(arylmethyl)aldehydes begins with a silylformylation reaction of terminal acetylenes with aryl- or heteroarylsilanes, followed by treatment of the products with TBAF to induce a 1,2-anionotropic rearrangement of the aryl group.
L. A. Aronica, P. Raffa, A. M. Caporusso, P. Salvadori, J. Org. Chem., 2003, 5, 9292-9298.


In the presence of Pd(0) and a phosphine, a hydrosilylation of 1,3-enynes with Me2SiHCl yields dienylsilanes with (E)-configuration and with the silicon group added to the internal alkyne carbon atom. Subsequent hydrolysis gives silanols, that serve as precursors to conjugated dienes with different substitution patterns.
H. Zhou, C. Moberg, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 1444-1447.


Supported gold nanoparticles on metal oxides catalyze a cis-selective disilylation of terminal alkynes with 1,2-disilanes in good isolated yields. The reaction probably proceeds through oxidative insertion of the σ Si-Si bond on gold followed by 1,2-addition to the alkyne.
C. Gryparis, M. Kidonakis, M. Stratakis, Org. Lett., 2013, 15, 6038-6041.


The presence of supported gold nanoparticles enables gold-catalyzed silaboration of terminal alkynes with PhMe2SiBpin. The reaction proceeds at ambient conditions in very good yields with a regioselectivity opposite to that observed in the presence of Pd or Pt catalysts. The abnormal regioselectivity is attributed to steric factors imposed by the Au nanoparticle during the 1,2-addition of silylborane to the alkyne.
C. Gryparis, M. Stratakis, Org. Lett., 2014, 16, 1430-1433.

Related


A C(sp3)-Si coupling of unactivated alkyl bromides with vinyl chlorosilanes proceeds under mild conditions to provide alkylsilanes. Functionalities such as Grignard-sensitive groups (e.g., acid, amide, alcohol, ketone, and ester), acid-sensitive groups (e.g., ketal and THP protection), alkyl fluoride and chloride, aryl bromide, alkyl tosylate and mesylate, silyl ether, and amine were tolerated.
J. Duan, Y. Wang, L. Qi, P. Guo, X. Pang, X.-Z. Shu, Org. Lett., 2021, 23, 7855-7859.


An efficient Pd-catalyzed addition of boronic acids to silylacetylenes provides β,β-disubstituted (E)- or (Z)-alkenylsilanes in good yields with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, a sequential Pd-catalyzed boron addition/N-halosuccinimide-mediated halodesilylation reaction results in a stereodivergent approach to β,β-disubstituted alkenyl halides as versatile synthetic intermediates.
W. Kong, C. Che, J. Wu, L. Ma, G. Zhu, J. Org. Chem., 2014, 79, 5799-5805.


A facile synthesis of 1-silyl-substituted 1,3-butadienes is based on a [RuHCl(CO)(PCy3)2]-catalyzed silylative coupling of terminal (E)-1,3-dienes with vinylsilanes. The reaction provides (E,E)-dienylsilanes in a highly stereoselective fashion with elimination of ethylene as a single byproduct.
J. Szudkowska-Frątczak, B. Marciniec, G. Hreczycho, M. Kubicki, P. Pawluć, Org. Lett., 2015, 17, 2366-2369.


A new cyclopropenation reaction, which involves Cα-Si bond insertion of alkylidene carbenes derived from α-silyl ketones, features excellent selectivity for insertion into Cα-Si bonds rather than insertion into Cγ-H bonds or addition to γ,δ-double or -triple bonds. The selectivity trend clearly indicates that the α-oxygen in the tether significantly promotes Cγ-H insertion.
J. Li, C. Sun, D. Lee, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 6640-6641.


Solvent-controlled hydroaluminations of Si-substituted alkynes with DIBAL-H generate diastereomerically enriched alkenylaluminum reagents that react with isocyanates at ambient temperature to afford α-silyl-α,β-unsaturated amides in high yields. This method offers short reaction time, ease of purification, easily accessible substrates, and gram-scale synthesis.
H. Lee, S. Cho, Y. Lee, B. Jung, J. Org. Chem., 2020, 85, 12024-12035.