Synthesis of thioamides

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Recent Literature

Aliphatic and aromatic nitriles react with thioacetic acid in the presence of calcium hydride to give the corresponding thioamides in good to excellent yields. Haloaryl nitriles do not undergo SNAr reactions under the described conditions.
K. A. Mahammed, V. P. Jayashankara, N. P. Rai, K. M. Raju, P. N. Arunachalam, Synlett, 2009, 2338-2340.

A simple, efficient, and new method has been developed for the synthesis of thioamides from nitriles. The reaction of a variety of aromatic and aliphatic nitriles in the presence of phosphorus pentasulfide afforded the corresponding thioamides in high yields. This method is easy, rapid, and high-yielding for the synthesis of thioamides from nitriles.
B. Kaboudin, D. Elhamifar, Synthesis, 2006, 224-226.

Water mediates a greener and mild synthesis of thioamides with no input energy, additives, or catalysts. The presented protocol enables the conversion of readily available starting materials and the use of different array amines, and can easily be scaled-up.
A. Gupta, J. K. Vankar, J. P. Jadav, G. N. Gururaja, J. Org. Chem., 2022, 87, 2410-2420.

Tetraphosphorus decasulfide in pyridine can be used as a thionating agent. The moisture-sensitive reagent has been isolated in a storable, crystalline form, and the thionating power of this reagent has been studied in solvents such as acetonitrile in which it has proven to be useful and exceptionally selective. The thionated products are easy to obtain due to the crystalline nature of the reagent.
J. Bergman, B. Petterson, V. Hasumbegovic, P. H. Svensson, J. Org. Chem., 2011, 76, 1546-1553.

The reaction of various aromatic and aliphatic amides in the presence of ammonium phosphorodithioate as an efficient thionation reagent proceeded effectively to afford the corresponding thioamides in high yields. This method is easy, rapid, and high-yielding for the synthesis of thioamides from amides using an easily handled reagent.
B. Kaboudin, L. Malekzadeh, Synlett, 2011, 2807-2810.

An expeditious, solvent-free, and high yield conversion of ketones, flavones, isoflavones, lactones, amides, and esters to the corresponding thio analogues is described utilizing Lawesson's reagent in a process that circumvents the use of dry solvents and excess of the reagent.
R. S. Varma, D. Kumar, Org. Lett., 1999, 1, 697-700.

A novel, simple and convenient thionation protocol for carbonyl compounds with the system PSCl₃/H₂O/Et₃N allows a clean, rapid, and efficient synthesis of a variety of thiocarbonyl compounds such as thioamides, thiolactams, thioketones, thioxanthones and thioacridone under solventless condition with microwave irradiation.
U. Pathak, L. K. Pandey, R. Tank, J. Org. Chem., 2008, 73, 2890-2893.

Thionation of amides, 1,4-diketones, N-(2-oxoalkyl)amides, and N,N'-acylhydrazines with the use of a fluorous Lawesson's reagent leads to thioamides, thiophenes, 1,3-thiazoles, and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles in high yields. The isolation of the final products is achieved in most cases by a simple filtration.
Z. Kaleta, B. T Makowski, T. Soos, R. Dembinski, Org. Lett., 2006, 8, 1625-1628.

A microwave-enhanced Kindler thioamide synthesis is introduced. The three-component condensations of aldehydes, amines, and elemental sulfur were carried out using 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent employing microwave flash heating at 110-180°C for 2-20 min. A simple workup protocol allows the isolation of synthetically valuable thioamide building blocks in good yield and purity.
O. I. Zubruyev, N. Stiasni, C. O. Kappe, J. Comb. Chem., 2003, 5, 145-148.

Malonic acid and derivatives can be used as C1 synthons via double decarboxylation promoted by sulfur and dimethyl sulfoxide. In the presence of amines as nucleophiles, a wide range of thioureas and thioamides as well as N-heterocycles were obtained in good yields under mild heating conditions.
T. H. Do, S. Phaenok, D. Soorukram, T. Modjinou, D. Grande, T. T. T. Nguyen, T. B. Nguyen, Org. Lett., 2023, 25, 6322-6327.

A nucleophilic activation of elemental sulfur by thiols enables a mild and chemoselective thioacylation of amines with α-keto acids and elemental sulfur. The reaction tolerates a broad range of functional groups, including unprotected hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide, sulfide, and tertiary amine moieties.
M. Saito, S. Murakami, T. Nanjo, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Takemoto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 8130-8135.

A convenient method for the synthesis of aryl thioamides from aryl aldehydes and tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) in the presence of CuI and di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) avoids the use of a sulfurating reagent. The protocol offers broad substrate scope, very good yields, operability and uses commercially available and inexpensive raw materials.
M.-T. Zeng, M. Wang, H.-Y. Peng, Y. Cheng, Z.-B. Dong, Synthesis, 2018, 50, 644-650.

In an efficient aqueous synthesis of thioamides from aldehydes and N-substituted formamides, sodium sulfide serves as the sulfur source in water, which makes this method very practical and efficient. Furthermore, late-stage modifications of bioactive molecules are demonstrated.
J. Wei, Y. Li, X. Jiang, Org. Lett., 2016, 18, 340-343.

Base-controlled three component reactions of styrenes, amines, and sulfur provide thioamides. Depending on the base, 2-phenylethanethioamides and benzothioamides were obtained selectively.
P. Zhang, W. Chen, M. Liu, H. Wu, J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83, 14269-14276.

A decarboxylative strategy for the synthesis of thioamides involves a three-component reaction of arylacetic or cinnamic acids, amines and elemental sulfur powder, without the need of a transition metal and an external oxidant.
T. Guntreddi, R. Vanjari, K. N. Singh, Org. Lett., 2014, 16, 3624-3625.

T. Guntreddi, R. Vanjari, K. N. Singh, Org. Lett., 2014, 16, 3624-3625.

A three-component reaction of alkynes, elemental sulfur, and aliphatic amines allows a general, straightforward, and atom-economical synthesis of thioamides.
T. B. Nguyen, M. Q. Tran, L. Ermolenko, A. Al-Mourabit, Org. Lett., 2014, 16, 310-313.

A transition-metal-free cleavage of C-C triple bonds in aromatic alkynes in the presence of S₈ and amides furnishes aryl thioamides in good yields. The method offers mild reaction conditions, as well as wide substrate scope that is particularly compatible with some internal aromatic alkynes and acetamides.
K. Xu, Z. Li, F. Cheng, Z. Zuo, T. Wang, M. Wang, L. Liu, Org. Lett., 2018, 20, 2228-2231.

In an environmentally friendly, atom-economical, and step-economical oxidation, thiols are used as a synthon for the preparation of thioamides without the use of exogenous sulfur reagents.
X. Wang, M. Ji, S. Lim, H.-Y. Jang, J. Org. Chem., 2014, 79, 7258-7260.

An efficient and selective multicomponent oxidative coupling of two different aliphatic primary amines allows the synthesis of thioamides in the presence of elemental sulfur under solvent-free conditions.
T. B. Nguyen, L. Ermolenko, A. Al-Mourabit, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 4274-4277.

A sequential tandem approach using thiophosphoryl chloride as a dehydrating and thionating agent enables the conversion of benzaldehyde oximes into primary benzothioamides via benzonitriles.
L. K. Pandey, U. Pathak, S. Mathur, M. V. S. Suryanarayana, Synthesis, 2012, 44, 272-282.

A cleavage of the C=C bond in N,N-disubstituted enaminones in the presence of elemental sulfur and DMAP provides N,N-disubstituted α-keto thioamides without using any metal catalyst or additive.
L. Gan, Y. Gao, L. Wei, J.-P. Wan, J. Org. Chem., 2019, 84, 1064-1069.

The reaction of sulfoxonium ylides with primary or secondary amines afforded α-ketothioamides in the presence of elemental sulfur, whereas α-ketoamides were produced when I₂ and TBHP were present. This simple, scalable reaction proceeded well at room temperature, tolerated a range of functional group, and generated the corresponding products in very good yields.
T. N. Chaubey, P. J. Borpatra, A. Sharma, S. K. Pandey, Org. Lett., 2022, 24, 8062-8066.

A metal-free oxidative-amidation strategy enables the synthesis of α-ketothioamides and amides from α-azido ketones. The C-H bond thionation of α-azido ketones with elemental sulfur could form α-ketothioacyl azide, which was then nucleophilically attacked by amines, while amides could be formed with the release of nitrogen gas and cyano anion in the presence of PhI(OAc)₂.
P. Yu, Y. Wang, Z. Zeng, Y. Chen, J. Org. Chem., 2019, 84, 14883-14891.

Endothiopeptides can easily be obtained via Ugi reaction using thio acids as acid components. If isonitriles with an acetal group are applied, the endothiopeptides can directly be converted into thiazoles using TMSCl-NaI under microwave irradiation.
U. Kazmaier, S. Ackermann, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2005, 3, 3184-3187.