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Related: benzo-fused O-Heterocyles, benzo-fused S-Heterocycles, N-substitution

Synthesis of benzo-fused N-Heterocycles and similar compounds

Synthesis of      

Indoles
Indolenines
Indolines
Oxindoles

Isatins		  
Azaindoles
Carbazoles

Isoindoles
Isoindolines
Isoindolinones
Phthalimides

Benzimidazoles
Benzimidazolones		    

Indazoles
2H-Indazoles		    

Benzoxazoles
Benzoxazolones
Benzothiazoles		  

Benzisoxazoles		  
Benzisothiazoles		  

Benzotriazoles
2H-Benzotriazoles		    

Indolizines
Indolizinones		    

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines
Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines
1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines
1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines

Tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines		      

Quinolines
Tetrahydro-
quinolines
1,2-
Dihydroquinolines

  

Isoquinolines
and rel. comp.
3,4-dihydroisoquinolines
Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Phthalazines

1,8-
Naphthyridines
Quinazolines
Quinoxalines
Tetrahydro-
quinoxalines

1,2,4-benzotriazines		      

Dihydroquinolinones
2,3-Dihydroquinolin-4-ones		    

4-Quinolones
2-Quinolones
Isoquinolones
Isoquinolin-3-ones

Quinazolinones
Quinoxalinones
2,3-Dihydroquinazolinones

Quinazolinediones

Benzoxazinones		      

Recent Literature


The use of blocked (masked) N-isocyanate precursors enables the formation of indazolones by Friedel-Crafts cyclization. Substrate synthesis has also been improved using a copper-catalyzed arylation of phenyl carbazates with pentavalent bismuth reagents that is compatible with the hemilabile OPh blocking group.
E. B. Elkaeed, J. An, A. M. Beauchemin, J. Org. Chem., 2017, 82, 9890-9897.


In the presence of CuCl, a three-component reaction of o-iodoanilines and K2S with TosMIC proceeded smoothly to yield the corresponding benzothiazolethiones in very good yields. Notably, isocyanide served as a carbon source and K2S functioned as a sulfur source.
P. Dang, W. Zeng, Y. Liang, Org. Lett., 2015, 17, 34-37.


A carbonylative cyclization of 2-iodosulfonamides using a Pd(OAc)2/Xantphos catalyst system and phenyl formate as a CO source provides various saccharin derivatives under milder reaction conditions.
S. P. Chavan, Adithyaraj. K., B. M. Bhanage, Synlett, 2017, 28, 2000-2003.


A molecular iodine-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of 2-aminopyridine/amidine and isothiocyanate via N-S bond formation enables the synthesis of N-fused and 3,4-disubstituted 5-imino-1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives at ambient temperature. This transition-metal-free protocol provides a facile and highly efficient regiospecific synthesis of various 1,2,4-thiadiazole derivatives with good to excellent yields using inexpensive I2 as a catalyst.
N. Tumula, N. Jatangi, R. K. Palakodety, S. Balasubramanian, M. Nakka, J. Org. Chem., 2017, 82, 5310-5316.


A broad range of substituted benzisoxazolines have been synthesized by a mild [3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitrones and arynes. The process tolerates various functional groups.
C. Lu, A. V. Dubrovskiy, R. C. Larock, J. Org. Chem., 2012, 77, 2279-2284.


Iron(II) bromide catalyzes the transformation of aryl and vinyl azides with ketone or methyl oxime substituents into 2,1-benzisoxazoles, indazoles, or pyrazoles through the formation of an N-O or N-N bond. This transformation tolerates various functional groups and facilitates access to a range of benzisoxazoles or indazoles.
B. J. Stokes, C. V. Vogel, L. K. Urnezis, M. Pan, T. G. Driver, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 2884-2887.


Rhodium(II) perfluorobutyrate-mediated decomposition of vinyl azides allows rapid access to a variety of complex, functionalized N-heterocycles in two steps from commercially available starting materials.
B. J. Stokes, H. Dong, B. E. Leslie, A. L. Pumphrey, T. G. Driver, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 7500-7501.


Sequential coupling-imination-annulation reactions of ortho-bromoarylaldehydes and terminal alkynes with ammonium acetate in the presence of a palladium catalyst under microwave irradiation gives various substituted isoquinolines, furopyridines, and thienopyridines in good yields.
D. Yang, S. Burugupalli, D. Daniel, Y. Chen, J. Org. Chem., 2012, 77, 4466-4472.


Commercially available pyrazoles were alkylated and formylated in a regiocontrolled manner to give pyrazole-5-aldehydes bearing 2,2-dialkoxyethyl substitution on N-1. Subsequent deprotection and cyclization of these intermediates allowed access to pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines with multiple substitution patterns, whereas a deprotection and double-reductive amination sequence provides 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines.
P. J. Lindsay-Scott, N. G. Charlesworth, A. Grozavu, J. Org. Chem., 2017, 82, 11295-11303.


A Pd-catalyzed amide coupling reaction enables a facile synthesis of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and -pyrazines. This reaction provides quick access to various substituted products. A model system relevant to the natural product pentosidine has been demonstrated, as well as the total synthesis of the mutagen 1-Me-5-PhIP.
A. J. Rosenberg, J. Zhao, D. A. Clark, Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 1761-1767.


Pyridinium N-(heteroaryl)aminides are robust and practical synthetic equivalents of nucleophilic 1,3-N,N-dipoles in a Au-catalyzed formal cycloaddition onto electron-rich alkynes. Convergent and regioselective access to five types of imidazo-fused heteroaromatics is provided from the appropriate aminide. The efficient transformation tolerates significant structural variation.
M. Garzón, P. W. Davies, Org. Lett., 2014, 16, 4850-4853.


The synthesis of functionalized pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines through oxidative [3+2] cycloaddition of N-aminopyridines with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds or electron-withdrawing olefins proceeds in N-methylpyrrolidone as the solvent under metal-free conditions at room temperature.
C. Ravi, S. Samanta, D. C. Mohan, N. N. K. Reddy, S. Adimurthy, Synthesis, 2017, 49, 2513-2522.


The reaction of β,γ-unsaturated γ-alkoxy-α-keto esters with 5-aminopyrazoles proceeds with high regioselectivity to yield new pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines bearing an ester function in the 7-position. The obtained drug-like compounds have a great potential for medicinal chemistry as they closely resemble the structure of several marketed pharmaceuticals.
O. O. Stepaniuk, V. O. Matviienko, I. S. Kontratov, I. V. Vitruk, A. O. Tolmachev, Synthesis, 2013, 45, 925-930.


A set of benzimidazoles, 3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines, purines, xanthines and benzothiazoles was readily prepared from (hetero)aromatic ortho-diamines or ortho-aminothiophenol and aldehydes using chlorotrimethylsilane in DMF as a promoter and water-acceptor agent, followed by oxidation with air oxygen.
S. V. Ryabukhin, A. S. Plaskon, D. M. Volochnyuk, A. A. Tolmachev, Synthesis, 2006, 3715-3726.


A highly efficient and versatile method for the synthesis of a series of 2-substituted N-H, N-alkyl, and N-aryl benzimidazoles containing a wide range of functional groups was achieved in one step via the Na2S2O4 reduction of o-nitroanilines in the presence of aldehydes.
D. Yang, D. Fokas, J. Li, L. Yu, C. M. Baldino, Synthesis, 2005, 47-56.


The 3-Aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine scaffold is rapidly accessible through a Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé cyclisation starting from an aminopyrazine, an aldehyde and an isocyanide. A scale-up process of this multicomponent reaction has been achieved in high yield and with excellent purity.
M. Baenziger, E. Durantie, C. Mathes, Synthesis, 2017, 49, 2266-2274.


In a regioselective and high-yielding Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction, glyoxylic acid is used as formaldehyde equivalent leading to a regioselective, mild, convenient, and effective synthesis of 3-aminoalkyl imidazoazines.
A. Sharma, H.-y. Li, Synlett, 2011, 1407-1412.


In a regioselective and high-yielding Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction, glyoxylic acid is used as formaldehyde equivalent leading to a regioselective, mild, convenient, and effective synthesis of 3-aminoalkyl imidazoazines.
A. Sharma, H.-y. Li, Synlett, 2011, 1407-1412.


An Au-catalyzed synthesis of fused pyrroloheterocycles from diverse propargyl-substituted heterocycles proceeds via alkyne-vinylidene isomerization with concomitant 1,2-shift of hydrogen, silyl, and stannyl groups. This method allows for mild and efficient synthesis of diverse C-2 substituted N-heterocycles.
I. V. Seregin, V. Gevorgyan, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 12050-12051.


In a copper-catalyzed synthesis of benzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-ones and N-acyl-benzothiazetidine by intramolecular dehydrogenative cyclization, a new nitrogen-sulfur bond is formed by N-H/S-H coupling. The present reaction tolerates various functional groups and gives products in gram scale.
Z. Wang, Y. Kuninobu, M. Kanai, J. Org. Chem., 2013, 78, 7337-7342.


The use of N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene (SIPr) as a ligand and tBuONa as the base for sequential palladium-catalyzed intra- followed by intermolecular aryl amination enables the synthesis of N-arylated five-, six- and seven-membered nitrogen heterocycles.
R. Omar-Amrani, R. Schneider, Y. Fort, Synthesis, 2004, 2257-2534.


A palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides with isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones enables the synthesis of 4-aryl isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-diones. The products could be conveniently transformed to 4-aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Y. Yang, Y. Li, C. Cheng, G. Yang, J. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, L. Zhang, C. Li, L. Tang, J. Org. Chem., 2018, 83, 3348-3353.


A Rh(III)-catalyzed, N-amino (hydrazine)-directed C-H functionalization with α-diazo-β-ketoesters provides a simple and efficient access to the cinnoline scaffold via successive C-H activation/C-C coupling/intramolecular dehydration.
C. Song, C. Yang, F. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Zhu, Org. Lett., 2016, 18, 4510-4513.


A Pd(0) catalyzed carbonylative annulation reaction of 1-(2-iodophenyl)-3-aryltriaz-1-enes gave the corresponding 3-arylbenzo-1,2,3-triazin-4(3H)-ones with high selectivity and in excellent yields in the presence of 1 atm of carbon monoxide, whereas 1-aryl-(1H)-benzo-1,2,3-triazoles are provided in good yields in the presence of catalytic amounts of PPh3.
A. Chandrasekhar, S. Sankararaman, J. Org. Chem., 2017, 82, 11487-11493.


A one-pot method for the Sonogashira coupling and cyclization of 2-bromobenzenesulfonamides and terminal alkynes allows access to various substituted benzosultams regioselectively in excellent yields.
S. Debnath, S. Mondal, J. Org. Chem., 2015, 80, 3940-3948.


A copper-catalyzed three-component tandem reaction enables a convenient and practical synthesis of 1,4-benzothiazines from terminal alkynes, 2-iodophenyl isothiocyanates, and aqueous ammonia.
J.-J. Chu, B.-L. Hu, Z.-Y. Liao, X.-G. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 2016, 81, 8647-8652.


A regioselective one-pot synthesis of 2-alkyl-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-2H-1,4-benzoxazines under microwave heating starts from commercially available 2-aminophenols. Base-mediated regioselective O-alkylation with 2-bromoalkanoates gives acyclic intermediates. A subsequent intramolecular amidation reaction furnishes the desired products in good yields.
W.-M. Dai, X. Wang, C. Ma, Tetrahedron, 2005, 61, 6879-6885.


A highly atom-efficient PIDA-mediated intramolecular iminoenol tautomer trapping reaction, followed by Et3N-promoted aerobic oxidative ring construction enables the synthesis of multisubstituted 2-hydroxy-benzo[b][1,4]oxazins from N-(2-hydroxylaryl)enaminones at room temperature under air. O2 serves as the oxygen source of the hydroxyl group.
H. Zhang, J. Shen, G. Cheng, Y. Feng, X. Cui, Org. Lett., 2018, 20, 664-667.


Whereas the cyclocondensation of 2-aminothiophenols with 1,2-biselectrophiles such as ethyl glyoxalate and diethyl oxalate in aqueous medium leads to the formation of benzothiazole-2-carboxylates via a 5-endo-trig process contrary to Baldwin’s rule, the reaction of 2-aminophenols/anilines produced the corresponding benzazine-3-ones or benzazine-2,3-diones via a 6-exo-trig process in compliance with Baldwin’s rule.
T. M. Dhameliya, S. S. Chourasiya, E. Mishra, P. S: Hadhavar, P. V. Bharatam, A. K. Chakraborti, J. Org. Chem., 2017, 82, 10077-10091.


The reaction of o-haloaniline derivatives and carbon disulfide in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at 80-140˚C provides the corresponding 1,3-benzothiazole-2(3H)-thione derivatives in good yields.
Y. Fu, X. Hu, Y. Chen, Y. Yang, H. Hou, Y. Hu, Synthesis, 2012, 44, 1477-1480.


A H2SO4-mediated intramolecular cyclization enables the preparation of biologically important tetrahydro-1-benzazepines from N-arylated homoallylamines. This solvent- and metal-free, atom- and step-economical transformation offers mild reaction conditions, experimental simplicity, and the use of a readily available, cheap, and nontoxic mediator.
H.-S. Gao, F. Dou, A.-L. Zhang, R. Sun, L.-M. Zhao, Synthesis, 2017, 49, 1597-1602.


An isothiourea-catalyzed enantioselective formal [4+3] cycloaddition of various α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives with 2-aminothiophenols proceeds via a reversible sulfa-Michael addition to α,β-unsaturated acylammonium intermediates, followed by an enantioselective formation of a seven-membered ring. This method enables a facile and divergent synthesis of optically active 2- and 3-substituted 1,5-benzothiazepines.
Y. Fukata, K. Yao, R. Miyaiji, K. Asano, S. Matsubara, J. Org. Chem., 2017, 82, 12655-12668.


An atom-economic, efficient, rapid, and highly regioselective one-pot click reaction allows the synthesis of benzo[e][1,4]oxazepin-5-ones in excellent yields. The method involves epoxide ring-opening-ring-closing cascade with anthranilic acids using neat grinding at room temperature in the presence of lithium bromide as a mild catalyst. Pure products are obtained simply by washing the reaction mixture with warm water.
A. K. Singh, R. Chawla, L. D. S. Yadav, Synthesis, 2012, 44, 2353-2358.